Purchasing Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Purchasing Development - Assignment Example For instance, a general purpose purchasing system might procure materials the way we want it to but doesn’t give us a receipt of each individual transaction (assuming we need receipts for each and every transaction). Design systems on the other hand are specifically designed from business to business and provide all functionalities that are needed for a successful purchasing function. It is necessary that procurement systems be integrated in all processes and departments of an organization. This would save the organization a lot of time and money as whenever anyone would require something, all he needs to do is send a procurement request to the purchasing department rather than waiting for the purchasing department to figure out for itself when inventory count goes down and wait for them to reorder. Sometimes there might be commercial issues arising as a result of change in organizational business plans. For instance our organization might aim to cut down on its costs as a way to maximize profits. It might plan to do so by purchasing raw materials and other supplies at a lower cost than usual. The procurement system here would need to consider whether switching suppliers to one offering a lower cost would still mean that the supplies are of the same quality. It would also need to consider whether the supplier would be able to deliver on time and not back out at the very last moment and leave us doomed. Such decisions need to be taken by the procurement department bearing the risk that a risk that a new supplier might default at any time! James (2009) in his book Buying Complex Systems stresses how it is very necessary to properly define the objectives of the purchasing operations and make sure they support the strategic objectives of the company as a whole. For instance if an organization aims to differentiate its product by offering high quality products and on the other hand the purchasing operation aims to save on money and therefore purchases low qua lity raw material then then definitely the overall aim of delivering high quality products won’t be met. The objectives of the purchasing operations need to be in line with the organization’s strategy if the organization wants to prosper. Evaluate the current and future effectiveness of an identified purchasing operational system I’m going to discuss the purchase operational system of the Agha’s Supermarket. The mart is located in the posh locality of Clifton and caters to thousands of people on a daily basis. The store is divided into many sections like crockery and cutlery, food items, vegetables etc. The purchase manager is responsible for making purchases on an overall basis. The purchase manager has a team of people, each of whom is sent out by him to different sections of the market to see the stock requirements. The team surveys the section heads every second day and pens down the stock requirement on a piece of paper. The entire team meets the pur chase operations manager the next and report to him about the stock requirement. The purchasing manager then places purchase orders and goods are obtained by the company the very next day. The current system isn’t ideal enough to deal with unexpected demand fluctuations. Miscalculations might be made by section heads while ordering stock and in the meanwhile stock outs may be experienced leading to nil sales and loss of

Theories Of Leadership Essay Example for Free

Theories Of Leadership Essay Introduction Managers and leaders in any organization are expected to influence the actions of their employees through several channels. Some of these include communicating with staff members, stimulating subordinates to work hard and ensuring that all the resources within the company are allocated well. These expectations can either be met successfully or unsuccessfully. Numerous researchers felt the need to come up with theories that govern successful leadership. One of these theories is known as the contingency theory. An analysis of the contingency theory Fielder (1964) came up with this approach to leadership after realizing that leaders could function well if they changed their styles to suit the situation at hand. This is where the name contingency originates. Fielder conducted several studies of effective and ineffective leaders. Thereafter he concluded that the most successful approach would be to match organizational settings with leadership styles. These two parameters form the basis of the contingency theory of leadership. According to Fiedler, leadership style may be defined as the way leaders and employees interact with one another. One cannot claim that a manager’s leadership style changes from time to time. On the contrary, this is a fixed parameter since every leader has a different personality. The latter term largely affects the nature of the leadership style. Since this trait is important, Fielder came up with a method for categorizing leadership styles. He used the Least Preferred Coworker Scale (LPC). The Scale is applied only to leaders; the latter are asked to rate the person they feel has worked very poorly with them. The scale starts from one to eight and may be a classification of a co-worker from the past or the present depending on which worker was the worst. Examples of personality traits that guide the scaling process include; Unfriendly versus friendly workers Hostile versus supportive Guarded versus open Uncooperative versus cooperative (Fiedler, 1964) All the latter traits are in ascending order with number 1 representing the character trait on the left while number 8 represents the character trait on the right. The LPC   scale’s main purpose is to determine whether a particular form of leadership style is task oriented or people oriented. Leaders who score high marks in the scale favor interpersonal relationships. Consequently, those leaders who rate their co-workers in a negative light may be more interested in the task at hand. This also implies that such leaders have poor interpersonal relationships. However, critics have asserted that such traits may not necessarily be accurate. Some individuals may portray their co-workers in a negative light but still be keen on interpersonal relationships. Fielder (1964) felt that those leaders who managed to match the requirements of the task with a dominant personality trait tended to be more successful.   Dominant personality traits largely determine the approach chosen by leaders i.e. either people oriented or task oriented approach. The LPC scale indicates whether or not a certain individual values interpersonal relationships. In case leaders score highly, then they normally consider interpersonal relationships as a crucial part of implementing tasks. However, those who score low marks in the scale value task completion more than anything else does. Consequently, most of them may not bother creating close relationships with their employees. Fielder (1964) was also concerned with the organizational environment or what is also called the situational variable. According to him, the situational variable can be defined as that aspect within the organization that can allow leaders to exert influence within their team. He divided the situational variables as follows; -Task structure -Position power -Leader to member relationships The leader-member structure is defined as the level of acceptance team players have towards their leader. Task structures may be defined as the level of job specificity among subordinates. Lastly, position power is described as the level of authority attributed to a leader as result of his position within the organization. (Fiedler, 1964) In the Leader-member situation, a leader would be more successful if he establishes strong links between himself and the other people within the organization; this is through trusting and respecting members of his organization. Additionally, successful leaders in the task structure situation are those ones that specify job detail well. Powerful leaders in the position power situation are those ones that exercise their right to fire and hire or to reward individuals within the organization. All the latter three situations create eight leadership styles. These are then divided into two important groups known as the relationship or task oriented leaders. Five of the leadership styles fall under the latter category. Fielder (1964) felt that task oriented approach were more appropriate in disasters or extreme situations. In cases where a fire strikes an organization, then leaders would be more efficient if they applied the task oriented approach. At this time, the issue of position power is not very relevant and neither are the relationships of the co-workers. In extreme cases or in disasters, the individuals who direct tasks most efficiently become the leaders. The opposite is true for leaders who try applying a people oriented approach. This would mean considering what people think and this would eventually delay outcomes. Such cases require only the fastest responses for survival. Task oriented relationships are also important in blue collar jobs. This is because such workers normally require direction and job specificity. Therefore, this leadership approach would be most appropriate. On the other hand, such scenarios may still be characterized by strong leader member relationships. The latter situation can be effected when leaders reward worker well for their efforts. Relationship oriented leadership styles may be more favorable in situations where the organizational environment is highly predictable. Some of the most appropriate environments include research institutes. In such circumstances, subordinates would not like it if their leaders interfered with the nature of their task. Here, it would be more appropriate to work on building relationships with subordinates. It should be noted that Fielder’s theory does not cover all the possible factors affecting leadership. Some leaders may be more effective if they undergo training or gain experience on the job. Such factors have not been accounted for by the contingency theory. Conclusion Overly, Fielder was trying to say that leaders are not just successful or unsuccessful. Leaders can either be effective in certain situations and not all of them. Therefore, all individuals can become leaders if they choose the most appropriate situation to apply their leadership styles. Additionally, it is possible to make a leader more effective by altering the following; position power, task structure and leader member relationships. It should also be noted that Fielder’s scale can be quite appropriate in determining leadership styles. Reference: Fiedler, E. (1964): A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness; Journal for Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Academic Press 1, 12, 149-190

Structure of Management Information :: essays research papers fc

Computer Network & Management Assignment Title: Structure of Management Information (SMI) Structure of Management Information (SMI): In the context of network management, for the Structure of Management Information (SMI): a) Name its three hierarchical layers. The Structure of Management Information (SMI) standard is responsible for defining the rules for how the Management Information Base (MIB) objects are structured, described and organized. SMI is a data definition language allows dissimilar devices to communicate by ensuring that they use a universal data representation for all management information. SMI is needed to ensure the syntax and semantics of the network management data are well defined and unambiguous.[TCP/IP Guide] The three hierarchical layers of the Structure of Management Information are the base data types, object-type and module-identity. b) Explain the function of each layer. The Base Data Type layer is use in the SYNTAX clause of the OBJECT-TYPE macro that must be present. It defines the abstract data structure corresponding to the object. It includes the following eleven basic data types: INTEGER, Integer32, Unsigned32, OCTET STRING, OBJECT IDENTIFIER, IPaddress, Counter32, Counter64, Gauge32, TimeTicks, and Opaque. Any restriction on size, range or enumerations specified in this SYNTAX clause represents the maximal level of support which makes "protocol sense".[RFC2578] The OBJECT-TYPE layer is use to specify the data type, status, and the semantics of managed objects. It has basic of five mandatory characteristics namely, OBJECT-NAME, SYNTAX, MAX ACCESS, STATUS, and DESCRIPTION, optionally with OPTIONAL-CHARACTERISTICS. The OBJECT-NAME is obviously. The SYNTAX clause specifies the basic data type of the object. The MAX-ACCESS clause specifies the managed object either can be read-create, read-write, read-only, accessible for notify only, or not accessible. The STATUS clause specifies the object is current, obsolete or deprecated. The DESCRIPTION clause contains a textual definition of the object. [RFC2578][RFC2013] The MODULE-IDENTITY layer is used to express concisely the semantics of an information module. It groups related object into a Management Information Base (MIB) module. Each MODULE-IDENTITY contains a number of clauses like the LAST-UPDATED clause, ORGANIZATION clause, CONTACT-INFO clause, DESCRIPTION clause and REVISION clause. Theses clauses document the date of last updated, the organization and contact information of the author of the module, and a textual description of the module, and the revision information such as the date of revision and the revision description.[RFC2012][TCP-IP Guide] c) For each layer, give four examples of defined entities. Four examples of Base Data Types 1. Integer/Integer32 [RFC2578] Integer/Integer32 is a 32-bit signed integer in two ¡Ã‚ ¦s complement notation, capable of holding a value between  ¡V2,147,483,648 and +2,147,483,647.

Do We Really Love Our Animals? :: essays research papers fc

Do you consider yourself a pet lover? Do you love animals in general? Can you imagine yourself as a little boy in a trailer far away from the depths of socialization? Once upon a time there was this boy, and this boy had a friend. No matter how hard times got he had Bo. The boy was incredibly happy because he had always dreamed of having a dog like that, a companion. Then your friend dies and you are left standing. Can you imagine the pain?Nobody likes to lose a good friend or a pet, and the majority of the population loves animals. However, evidence points that people don’t like animals as much as they claim to because the majority of the population tends to over look the genocide that exists this very instance. Gandhi once wrote, "The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the ways its animals are treated"(Why Vegan? 1) Gandhi brings up a good point because the issue of Animal Rights is in fact an issue of one’s moral code. To define the morality and ethics, this paper will refer to Ayn Rand’s definition taken from the book, The Virtue of Selfishness. Rand describes itthis way, "It is a code of values to guide a man’s choices and actions that determine the purpose of his life" (Rand 13). Can the common animal lover really love animals that much and is it in their moral code to protect the living? Maybe they would if they were presented with the facts about vivisection and the meat industry. The truth of the matter is, people don’t love animals as much as they claim to, because they allow mistreatment, support companies that practice Vivisection, and the majority of the population still eats meat. The first form of oppression comes from probably one of the most grotesquely cruel practices of all. Did you know that from buying your toothpaste to buying your cosmetics, you open yourself up for the opportunity to participate in the funding of Vivisection? PETA, an international non profit organization designed to protect the rights of animals has defined the term as, "Vivisection is the practice of experimenting on live animals" (PETA 1). Let’s start with the large amount of animals Vivisection effects. The American Anti-Vivisection Society reports that, "Between 25 and 50 million animals are killed in American Laboratories each Year"(www.

NATCO Brand

NATCO is an acronym for the initial†s National Confectionery Co. It is a very popular brand name in England, which tries to satisfy the needs of the Asian community it is often mistaken that NATCO is the name of the company; but this is not true. NATCO is only a brand name for an international trading company, a specialist in Indian foods, -T. Choitram & Sons. T. Choitram & sons is the largest chain of supermarkets in the U.A.E., a confectionery manufacturer, a wholesaler, a cash &carry operator, and the manufacturer and packer of more than 250 products marketed and distributed in the UK under the NATCO brand. Some of the other brands of the company are Papa – lentil and spices, Leone – tea, Koto – medicated products, Family – tissues, NATCO – sweet and biscuits. NATCO was their first and is their main brand, and NATCO sells more than any other of their brands does. This is why we also have emphasized more on the NATCO brand in our report. NATCO is called the lucky brand for the company, as they believe that this brand has led to them towards success. Topics, which will be discussed in the report, are the management structure, their company history, manufacturing process and facilities, inventory control, quality control, just in time and forecasting. The helpful staff of NATCO kindly provided this information. T.Choitram although an Indian migrated to West Africa in 1942. At the age of 17, he began his enderpreneurial career by selling seeds fruits magazines. He was a man who was always motivated with the dream to be a very successful businessman. He saw his future in the food industry and so he began his own supermarket and named it after himself. As years passed by he gained tremendous success and due to this he launched a brand name i.e. NATCO for his trading company in the year of 1968. In London, T. Choitram & sons, a packaging firm has been in the competitive market of packaging and distributing foodstuff, spices, and confectionery for over 40 years. The owner of company has come a long way from a small grocery store in Sierre Lonne to one of the biggest distributor of foodstuff in London. With his unique managerial style he succeeded in bringing up his trading company to be one of the best in the world. T. Choithram & sons is located at Wembley. The factory and warehouse together under one roof occupies around 25,000-sq. ft. in area. NATCO has employed over 150 skilled and unskilled labor, and has a staff of around 50 people, which adds up to a total of 200 people employed at NATCO. NATCOs team of highly experienced buyers is regularly traveling the Four Corners of the globe to source the best quality crop for export to their Wembley factory to be packed under the NATCO label. They guarantee premium products at the best price, ensuring that NATCO is excellent Value of money. The NATCO brand was first launched in the UK in the early 60s, catering to the needs of the Asian communities. The extensive product range includes Spices, Lentils, Beans, Flours, Nuts, Dried Fruits, Basmati Rice, Canned Products, Butter Gee, Betel Nuts, Pappadums and much more. NATCO brand today is known for its superior quality standards. NATCO products are exported through a network of distributors to U.S.A, Canada, European Community, Middle East, and West Africa and they are continuing to develop these export markets. Papa is the other brand name for NATCO. T. Choithram and sons came up with this other brand name because in many countries, government regulations allow only one agent for a brand for the whole country. This limits the sales in those countries. To increase the sales in these countries they planned to have more distributors. They could not introduce Papa into the other countries as a brand of T. Choithram as it would be an illegal activity. To legalize it they came up with a plan, which would help them to sell the Papa brand in the countries where NATCO already exists and it would not be illegal at the same time. They established a new company Orient Foods. Papa is a brand name for this new company and sold in outside market, which helps NATCO compete with other similar product. This move has helped the company as its sales have increased in foreign markets. The mission statement for NATCO is we shall strive to produce the very best product and materials available, when and where they are wanted and at a price that represents good value at every stage of the trading process, from the harvest to the shelf, to the factory to the home. The organization of NATCO is based mainly on the three function called Finance, Marketing, and Operations. Each of these functions has its own managers or directors. Finance is the lifeblood of commerce and industry. The finance department of NATCO has the responsibility of ensuring that enough funds are available for the smooth operations of the organization. Mr. R.D.Rajwani, the managing director of the company, also commented on the finance department that it is concerned with budgeting activities of the other departments. He also mentioned that this department also operates the cost and budgeting control system by gathering and analyzing cost and other financial data, before the redistribution of information in the form of performance report. Mr.Rajwani also talked about the other activities dealt with this department, such as handling accounts of income and expenditure, payment of wages, pricing decision, etc. It also involves the function of banking. Banking involves depositing cash, withdrawal of cash, taking loans, discounting of bills. Marketing function of NATCO comprises of number of sub-function such as publicity and advertising, sales promotion, samples and coupons, fairs and exhibitions, public relations, distribution and marketing resources. It is the function of the marketing department to advertise and price the product. The marketing department closely works with operation and production department, so that the changes could be administered from time to time as per the result of market research. The sub-functions under marketing are very essential for the business. They sub functions are explained as follows: — 1) Publicity and Advertising– Advertising has become an indispensable function in the modern business due to the competition and mass production. Publicity brings forth production to the knowledge of the consumer and helps both in creating and maintaining demand for the goods produced. It persuades people to buy goods and services again and again. It helps to create regular demand by smoothening out seasonal and other fluctuations. Without publicity, goods may not be taken note of and in the absence of demand; production of those goods may have to be stopped. It creates a good image of the company and reputation of the products. It adds to the goodwill of the enterprise. 2) Sales Promotion- Sales promotion includes all those activities, which are directed towards the promotion of sales such as organizing publicity, introductory sales. It also includes personal as well as innovative selling. Though the ultimate aim of sales is to increase sales and profit, but it is different from advertising and personal selling in approach and technique. 3) Samples and Coupons- Distribution of free samples of smaller size of the product is an effective device of sales promotion, especially to introduce a new product. Samples may be widely distributed or given only to selected customers. Customers can test the product before purchase. Premium or prizes may be given to the buyer on the purchase of some specific product e.g. one Lux toilet soap for the purchase of an economy pack of Surf. In some cases coupons are issued to prospective buyers through newspapers. Sometimes clearance sales, off-season sales, reduction. 4) Public Relations- Public relations aim at securing favorable opinion and good of the public towards the enterprise. A business enterprise price must build up a good image of its own to have better sales. It must maintain cordial relations with the clients and always look after their welfare. It must go on informing the public about the improvement in packing, the quality or the new uses of the products and influence their decision to buy the product. It must give prompt attention to their suggestions and to the redressal of their complaints. It must take note of the bias or the special prejudices of the customers and try to win over their support. 5) Fairs and Exhibitions- Business enterprises always like to participate in fairs and exhibitions to promote their sales. Some of them organize their own exhibitions of their own products. Fairs and exhibitions are held on local, regional or international level. Trade Fair Authority of India organizes various exhibitions of different kinds at various places in the country. This department of NATCO consists of all the activities concerned with the production of food and services. The operation function is dependent on the finance side for its financial needs and on the marketing department for further research and development of the products. The operation function of NATCO is concerned with transformation of various inputs into desired outputs. Manufacturing organization is usually beuracratic in structure. The word beurocratic is not used despairingly but rather in true sense, which implies division of labor into bureaus or departments. The organization structure of NATCO is a typical pyramid type structure, each post at one level subordinate to a post at a higher level. After our visit to the company we observed that each person is responsible to only one-person level, which is a sign of an organized company. The division of labor in the company allowed the advantage of specialization to be obtained. To be precise, each person had specific and often unique task to perform. As seen in most of manufacturing firms, the labor force is divided into skilled and unskilled labor, NATCO also has this kind of mix. The labor strength existing in the company is around 150 of whom the majority is skilled. The staff employed at NATCO is about 50, which add up to 200 people working for the company.

Free Essays on Monte Carlo In Derivative Investment

Introduction to Monte Carlo method to option evaluation. Aiming to answer question â€Å"c†, this paper proposes the simulation model for pricing the European Call option. Of course, this is the type of security, for which Black-Scholes formula provides an exact answer, so there is no real need to use the simulation to price it. On the other hand, as long as we know the exact solution, it becomes possible to check the accuracy of our simulation results. In the Black-Scholes world-view, a fair value for an option is the present value of an option payoff at expiration under risk-neutral random walk for underlying asset prices. Therefore the general approach to using Monte Carlo simulation to find the price of the option is straightforward: 1. Using the risk free neasure, simulate sample paths of the underlying asset prices over the relevant time horizon 2. Evaluate the discounted cash flows of a security on each sample path. 3. Average the dicounted cash flows over sample paths.(Charnes, 2000) The European call option solved by Monte Carlo simulation relies on the following process followed by the underlying asset S: S(t +t) = S(t) Exp [( -^2/2) t+t] where S(t) denotes the value of S at time t, is a random sample from normal distribution with mean zero and standard deviation 1.0 (Hull, 2000) The following code in VBA demostrates the practical application of the Monte-Carlo algrithm (Caflisch, 2001) for the European option evaluation constructing a complete path for S using N random samples: Function MCCall(r As Double, sigma As Double, k As Double, s0 As Double, t As Double, N As Long) As Double Dim s As Double Dim discountFactor As Double Dim growthFactor As Double Dim variance As Double Dim v As Double Dim vi As Double Dim dN As Double Dim i As Long discountFactor = Exp(-r * t) gr... Free Essays on Monte Carlo In Derivative Investment Free Essays on Monte Carlo In Derivative Investment Introduction to Monte Carlo method to option evaluation. Aiming to answer question â€Å"c†, this paper proposes the simulation model for pricing the European Call option. Of course, this is the type of security, for which Black-Scholes formula provides an exact answer, so there is no real need to use the simulation to price it. On the other hand, as long as we know the exact solution, it becomes possible to check the accuracy of our simulation results. In the Black-Scholes world-view, a fair value for an option is the present value of an option payoff at expiration under risk-neutral random walk for underlying asset prices. Therefore the general approach to using Monte Carlo simulation to find the price of the option is straightforward: 1. Using the risk free neasure, simulate sample paths of the underlying asset prices over the relevant time horizon 2. Evaluate the discounted cash flows of a security on each sample path. 3. Average the dicounted cash flows over sample paths.(Charnes, 2000) The European call option solved by Monte Carlo simulation relies on the following process followed by the underlying asset S: S(t +t) = S(t) Exp [( -^2/2) t+t] where S(t) denotes the value of S at time t, is a random sample from normal distribution with mean zero and standard deviation 1.0 (Hull, 2000) The following code in VBA demostrates the practical application of the Monte-Carlo algrithm (Caflisch, 2001) for the European option evaluation constructing a complete path for S using N random samples: Function MCCall(r As Double, sigma As Double, k As Double, s0 As Double, t As Double, N As Long) As Double Dim s As Double Dim discountFactor As Double Dim growthFactor As Double Dim variance As Double Dim v As Double Dim vi As Double Dim dN As Double Dim i As Long discountFactor = Exp(-r * t) gr...

SAT Score Range 3 Steps to Understanding Your Score

SAT Score Range 3 Steps to Understanding Your Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Confused about the SAT score range? It's no secret that the SAT has undergone drastic changes since 2016, shifting from a 2400-point scale to a markedly narrower 1600-point scale. But what do these numbers mean for you? And how can you use SAT score ranges to determine the scores you need for college? First, we'll discuss the current SAT scores range for the exam as a whole and for each SAT section and subsection. After, we’ll take a close look at how SAT scores are distributed among test takers, explain why colleges maintain different SAT score ranges, and teach you how to set your own SAT goal score. What Is the SAT Score Range? Altogether, the SAT score range is 400-1600 for your composite SAT score (i.e., Evidence-Based Reading and Writing + Math). Three individual sections comprise this total score: Reading, Writing and Language (often called Writing), and Math. The Math score range is 200-800 in 10-point increments. The Reading and Writing sections, however, work a little differently. At first, these two sections are scored separately in one-point increments on a scale of 10-40. They are then converted (using an individualized equating process) into one Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score on a scale of 200-800 (the same as the Math scale). Note that the composite SAT score range does not include the optional Essay. The Essay score has three dimensions to it: Reading, Analysis, and Writing. Two readers will each assign you three scores on a scale of 1-4. The two scores from these readers are then combined to give you a total SAT score range of 2-8 for each of the three dimensions. So a perfect Essay score would be 8|8|8. We're not finished yet! The SAT also contains subscores and cross-test scores, which are calculated separately on scales of 1-15 and 10-40, respectively. Subscores and cross-test scores indicate your level of mastery of specific skills, such as vocabulary knowledge and algebra. Here are the EBRW subscores: Expression of Ideas Standard English Conventions Words in Context Command of Evidence And here are the Math subscores: Heart of Algebra Problem Solving and Data Analysis Passport to Advanced Math Cross-test scores are a little different; they measure your performance on history/social studies and science questions on all SAT sections (excluding the Essay). The two SAT cross-test scores are as follows: Analysis in History/Social Studies Analysis in Science The SAT has four sections, and even its sections have sections! To help you visualize what we've touched on so far, here is a detailed chart showcasing each SAT scores range: SAT Score Range (2016-Present) SAT Section Score Range Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) 200-800 Reading 10-40 Writing and Language 10-40 Expression of Ideas 1-15 Standard English Conventions 1-15 Words in Context 1-15 Command of Evidence 1-15 Math 200-800 Heart of Algebra 1-15 Problem Solving and Data Analysis 1-15 Passport to Advanced Math 1-15 Cross-Test Scores* - Analysis in History/Social Studies 10-40 Analysis in Science 10-40 TOTAL (EBRW + Math) 400-1600 Essay 2-8 | 2-8 | 2-8 Reading 2-8 Analysis 2-8 Writing 2-8 *Cross-test scores are for the Reading, Writing, and Math sections All of these score ranges are for the current redesigned SAT (2016-present). But what about the pre-2016 SAT? Contrary to what we have now, the old SAT score scale was 600-2400 (as opposed to 400-1600) and there were no subscores or cross-test scores as there are today. Additionally, test takers got separate Critical Reading and Writing scores, the latter of which was a combination of your Writing and Essay scores. (Nowadays, the SAT Essay is optional and does not count toward your composite SAT score.) Here is an overview of the old SAT scores scale: Old SAT Score Range (Pre-2016) SAT Section Score Range Critical Reading 200-800 Math 200-800 Writing Composite 200-800 Writing Multiple Choice 20-80 Essay 0-12 TOTAL (All Sections) 600-2400 SAT Score Distribution The College Board redesigned the SAT in 2016 so that a total score of approximately 1000- the middle score between 400 (the minimum) and 1600 (the maximum), or the highest point on the SAT bell curve- would signify the average score of test takers. This score is in contrast to the pre-2016 SAT average of around 1500, which was the middle point between 600 and 2400 (the old SAT minimum and maximum). The current SAT bell curve means that most SAT takers score around 1000, and very few score extremely high (1500 and higher) or extremely low (700 and below). According to data collected by the College Board, the average SAT score is 1068- pretty close to 1000. Below is a chart showcasing the current SAT percentiles for EBRW, Math, and the exam as a whole. As a reminder, percentiles indicate what percentage of test takers you scored higher than on a given section. Thus, the higher your percentile, the more impressive your score is. Percentile EBRW Math TOTAL 99 and 99+ 750-800 790-800 1500-1600 90 670 680-690 1340 75 610 600 1200-1210 50 530* 520* 1050-1060 25 460 450 910-920 10 400-410 380-390 800 1 and 1- 200-330 200-320 400-680 *Estimated score based on current percentiles We can use SAT percentiles to help us understand how many (or, rather, how few) test takers scored at the extreme ends of the exam. According to this data, a 99th percentile or higher SAT score is anywhere from 1500 to a perfect 1600. This means that only 1% of test takers scored 1500 or higher on the SAT. So you don't need to get a perfect score in order to reach the 99th percentile- you can miss as many as 100 points and still achieve that top 1% distinction on your SAT score report! Likewise, very few test takers scored on the lower end of the SAT score range. Only 1% of test takers scored between 400 (the absolute minimum) and 680; that's a huge 280-point span! What this ultimately means is that you’re very likely to earn at least 280 points on the SAT since 99% of test takers score above 680. In regard to SAT section scores, once again few test takers scored the highest and lowest possible scores. To hit the 99th percentile on EBRW, you’d have to score 750 or higher. But to do the same on Math, you’d need to earn a 790. This trend indicates that the Math section is generally more competitive than the EBRW section, as more people score higher on Math than on EBRW. As for the 1st percentile, EBRW and Math maintain respective score ranges of 200-330 and 200-320. This means only 1% of test takers scored 320 or below on either section and the vast majority scored higher than 330. But how can you figure out what kinds of SAT scores you'll need for your colleges specifically? Read on to find out! To get to this point, you must first get IN. What Are SAT Score Ranges for Colleges? There are no general SAT scores range for colleges; instead, every school maintains its own SAT scores range as a means to compare applicants' SAT scores. This range represents the middle 50% of SAT scores (usually of incoming students). What do I mean by "middle 50%"? Think of it as being similar to average SAT scores- only instead of a single average, you're given a range of scores consisting of the 25th and 75th percentiles for a particular group of students. A 25th percentile score means that 25% of incoming students scored at or lower than a particular threshold on the SAT, whereas a 75th percentile score indicates that 75% of students scored at or lower than a different (and higher) threshold. For example, here are the current 25th and 75th percentile SAT scores for Yale: Exactly how is this info helpful to you? SAT score ranges tell you how high you must score on the SAT in order to be on par with (and better than) other applicants. In general, a score in the 75th percentile or higher is a safe bet, as this means that your SAT scores will exceed those of most other applicants. You can find SAT score ranges for most schools using our database. Simply search for "[School Name] PrepScholar" or "[School Name] PrepScholar SAT." Here's an example of the page I got when I searched "university of delaware prepscholar sat": Click on either link to get to the PrepScholar page for your school. SAT score ranges will typically appear in a box as so: You can also check out our comprehensive guide to SAT scores for colleges, which contains a list of 100+ schools and their SAT score ranges. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! How to Set an SAT Goal Score: 3-Step Guide In the simplest of terms, you’ll want to get the best SAT score you can get on test day. To do this, you must determine your SAT goal score. A goal score is the score that's most likely to get you into all the schools you're applying to. Follow our three simple steps below to set your own SAT goal score. Step 1: Make a Chart Before jumping headfirst into your SAT score research, make a simple chart of all of the schools you're applying to (excluding any safety schools). You may download our worksheet or create a chart like the one below. Draw two columns for the 25th and 75th percentiles for each of your schools. Here is a sample: School 25th Percentile 75th Percentile University of Washington University of Oregon UCLA UC Santa Barbara Step 2: Look Up SAT Score Info Next, begin looking up SAT score info for each of the schools on your table. Specifically, you’ll want to look up the middle 50% (i.e., the 25th and 75th percentiles) for each of your schools. To find these ranges, search for "[School Name] PrepScholar" or "[School Name] PrepScholar SAT" on Google. Most schools should be in our database, but if you can't find yours, you may instead search for "[School Name] average SAT scores" or "[School Name] 25th 75th percentile SAT" and look for relevant links to the school's official website. Here is an example of the PrepScholar page for the University of Washington: Now, here is our chart again, with all the schools' 25th and 75th percentiles filled out: School 25th Percentile 75th Percentile University of Washington 1190 1420 University of Oregon 1080 1270 UCLA 1240 1490 UC Santa Barbara 1270 1500 If at any point you get tired, just take an ice cream break. Step 3: Calculate Your SAT Goal Score The last step is to find your goal score. The highest score in your chart (in your 75th percentile column) will be your target SAT score. This score is the most likely to get you into all the schools in your chart. In our example above, this score would be 1500 for UC Santa Barbara. But what about your goal scores for each section? To get your individual EBRW and Math goal scores, divide your total goal score by 2. So a goal score of 1420 means that you'd have to aim for around 710 on both sections (assuming you're trying to get about the same score on each). If you’re applying to engineering programs or other field-specific schools, you'll want to aim for a slightly higher score on the SAT section more relevant to your particular major. For example, aspiring engineers applying to MIT should focus more on trying to achieve an extremely high Math score instead of a super high EBRW score. Takeaways: What to Know About the SAT Score Range The total SAT score range for the SAT is 400-1600 in 10-point increments. This score comprises two sections: EBRW and Math, whose score ranges are each 200-800. EBRW can be further divided into Reading and Writing, which each use a scale of 10-40. The optional Essay consists of three separate scores on scales of 2-8. There are also subscores and cross-test scores, which use smaller scales of 1-15 and 10-40, respectively. The old SAT differed greatly in its score scale. Before 2016, the SAT score range was 600-2400 in 10-point increments, and the exam had three sections (Critical Reading, Math, and Writing), each of which used a scale of 200-800. On the current SAT score range, a score of around 1000 (the midway point of the score range) is the average SAT score. (The actual average is 1068 for all 11th and 12th graders.) In terms of score ranges for colleges, each school has its own SAT score range, or middle 50%, to show the average range of SAT scores for incoming students. The lower SAT score in this range is the 25th percentile, while the higher score is the 75th percentile. Finally, follow these steps to find your SAT goal score: #1: Make a chart with your schools' names and their 25th and 75th SAT percentiles. #2: Look up SAT score info for your schools. You can use our own SAT database or official school websites. Record the 25th and 75th percentile for each school in your chart. #3: Find the highest 75th percentile score in your chart- this will be your target score. Aiming for this SAT score will increase your chance of gaining admission to all the schools in your chart. Now, get out there and ace the SAT. Remember- you got this! What’s Next? Want more info on SAT scores? Check out our in-depth guides to learn how the SAT is scored and what constitutes a great, a good, and a poor SAT score. Gearing up for college applications? In our article on the SAT scores you'll need for college, we've gathered the average SAT scores for dozens of popular schools, both private and public. Aiming for a perfect SAT score? It's not impossible, I promise! For step-by-step tips, take a look at our comprehensive guide to getting a full 1600- written entirely by a perfect scorer. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Five Tips for Creating a Phenomenal Newsletter

Five Tips for Creating a Phenomenal Newsletter to read and share but also urges them to act in a manner that generates sales. This goes beyond the basic, and frankly overused, taglines such as â€Å"I have a gift for you,† or â€Å"Buy my book for a free gift.† This type of marketing push is vague and lacks the creativity you possess as a writer, so here are five stress-free ways to give your newsletter that coveted edge. 1 Use the subject line to offer a specific value. Since newsletters 2 Lead with your most important information. Pre-sales, book signings, product launches- put whatever is most important to you at the top. Think like a newspaper writer. Lead with the headline. Everything above the fold of the newspaper (or in this case the vertical scroll of your device’s screen) equals the information the audience is most likely to see and digest. 3 Design graphics that tell the tale at a glance. People are busy and don’t always have time to read thoroughly. Use graphics to convey your message quickly. Ensure the content is shareable and eye-catching. Consider creating infographics that outline the flow of your series or the love quadrangles in your book. Reuse them on your website and social media to reinforce your brand. 4 Give the audience a call to action. open the email, give them something to do. This is where you can say, â€Å"buy my book† or â€Å"go to my website.† Or maybe, the call to action isn’t about your product. Maybe you just want to do something fun with your audience like have them join you for a Facebook live or encourage them to live tweet the latest episode of The Bachelor. Give every newsletter a call to action to keep your audience engaged and to build their trust in your brand. 5 Integrate your e-newsletter with your social media. can arrive at your Instagram with a single click. Take advantage of this if you’re not already doing so. Then each time you get a new follower on social media, send them a link to your website with a thank you note and an opportunity to get something free if they share your content with others. something of value in exchange for their email . . . and their loyalty. Experiment with what works, but always strive to find new ways to make your newsletter more effective.

Martin Luther King, Jr Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Martin Luther King, Jr - Essay Example In order to persuade the audience he used the persuasion technique of emotional appeal. He tapped into the emotions of the African American population by making them feel that they were not being treated fairly and the current government practices were discriminatory. For this purpose he uses various terms such as crippled in order to make the African Americans feel that they are being crushed due to the corrupt practices of the government and they need to protest for their rights (Americanrhetoric.com, 2015). Secondly, he even uses his own credibility as a tool to influence the African American population. During his speech he refers to Abraham Lincoln to prove that the founding fathers considered the African American race as equal to other races of America. The use of this reference makes that audience feels that King was a person credible enough to deliver the speech because he has enough information about the background of the position of African Americans in the history of

CLUB IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CLUB IT - Essay Example y’s mission will be not only to build a community of muslc lovers by hosting community events, promoting diverse local talent and building and online community and presence. The success of this new mission depends primarily on two related but distinct competitive business strategies: Innovation and differentiation. Ruby’s will differentiate itself from its competition through its focus on three specific musical genres, community building, and live, local music. To do this, it will utilize innovative IT strategies that set it apart before clients even set foot in the club. The new menu at Ruby’s will also reflect this focus , with an emphasis on soul food and Latin dishes, while sticking to a limited, finger-food based selection. The drink menu will be updated with Latin drinks such as mojitos and sangria, while also introducing six popular microbrews and a selection of red and white wine popular with our target clientele demographic. Internet: A major upgrade to the business website is the centerpiece of Ruby’s new competitive strategy. First, the owners have designed a new logo for the new business name, and set up a template for a new website. Look: A video tour and still photos of the newly renovated interior of the club focuses on the dramatic new details and space, however because of our new strategy of emphasizing localness, dancing and community, both the video and still photos of the interior include smiling, happy patrons sipping our distinctive Latin cocktails, wine or foaming microbrews. The new clickable menu includes images of tapas-style appetizers emphasizing Latin and soul themes. Features and Functions: New features and functions of the website emphasize community and local music even before clients enter the venue. First, a detailed calendar includes both live performances and community events with external links to performers’ websites and those of community organizations and business who will host their vents at Ruby’s.

Suicide In Mental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Suicide In Mental Health - Essay Example The paper is issued by the UK Parliament as Command Paper, Cm 4386. The site provides access to the full-text of the report". (Intute:Social Sciences,2006). The objective is to improve the health of everyone and the health of the worst off in particular. The program emphasizes on the fact that good health is inherent need of all, but many people spend most of their lives ill or die young from preventable diseases, this need should be effectively addressed with good support and the first comprehensive Government plan focused on the main killers: cancer, coronary heart disease and stroke, accidents, mental illness. They emphasize on the tougher but attainable targets. The objective is to reduce the death rate in people under 75 suffering from cancer by at least a fifth. The focus is to reduce the death rate in people under 75, suffering from coronary heart disease by at least two fifths. The death rates caused by accidents by at least a fifth and serious injuries caused by accidents by at least tenth. In the sensitive area of mental illness, to reduce the death rate from suicide and undetermined injury by at least a fifth. If these targets are achieved there is opportunity to save lives by preventing up to 300,000 untimely and unneces sary deaths. To achieve this target the government is putting in more money: twenty one billion pounds for the NHS alone to secure a healthier population. The focus is also to raise awareness first by tackling smoking as the single biggest preventable cause of poor health. The aim is to integrate Government, and local government work to improve health, stressing health improvement as a key role for the NHS. The emphasis is on high health standards for all, not just privileged few. can make a difference. We want to see a new balance in which people, communities and Government work together in partnership to improve health. "Our drive for better health is in line with a background of real improvement in health: people live longer and healthier lives life expectancy is now 80 for women and 75 for men many infectious diseases of the past - such as cholera, diphtheria and polio - have been brought under control death in childbirth is now rare. But new problems arise, including AIDS and v ariant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease". (Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation,1999). People can improve their own health, through physical activity, better diet and quitting smoking. Communities can tackle poor health, which springs too from a range of wider, community factors - including poverty, low wages, unemployment, poor education, sub-standard housing, crime and disorder and a polluted environment. (Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation,1999) Health inequality is widespread: the most disadvantaged have suffered most from poor health. The Government is addressing inequality with a range of initiatives on education, welfare-to-work, housing, neighborhoods, transport and the environment which will help improve health. As well as taking action on our key targets, we are also tackling other important health issues like sexual health, drugs, alcohol, food safety, water fluoridation and communicable diseases - to put our new approach into practice. We want to see healthier people in a healthi er country. People improving their own health supported by communities working through local organizations against a backdrop of action by the Government. We want to see everyone take the

With reference to your own research, do you think that the ability of Assignment

With reference to your own research, do you think that the ability of a business to act successfully in a social responsibility manner is mainly determined by the products it produces - Assignment Example Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR for short is the ability of a business to manifest its truest basis to the public time and again. This means that its aim is to be truthful to all and sundry to create a positive mindset and image about the different product and service offerings under its organizational aegis. This paper will highlight the potential benefits of CSR which is in relation to the cost for businesses and stakeholders. It will also highlight how the CSR becomes a significant entity in relation to several other objectives of the organization. Then there will be some influences which determine the kind of responsibilities that are accepted by a business enterprise and the ones which are not while also highlighting some of the factors which discern the extent to which a business can be deemed as socially responsible. The value and the dire limitations towards businesses and stakeholders in the realms of social reporting will be discussed as will be the exte nt to which governments have a role in influencing the CSR. ... Hence in conjunction with what the businesses and stakeholders think and act, it is pertinent that the premise of CSR is given importance. How this happens is a difficult process though. These businesses and stakeholders need to find a way through which they can reach the minds of their consumers so that they can eventually bring about a sale or make use of their services. The bottom line however is an intention to bring about a sale. Even though this might not be said, the role of CSR is to build a positive word of mouth for the business regimes which will eventually set about a pragmatic feel for all and sundry related with the business. The stakeholders might find it difficult to understand the message that CSR is trying to send their way but in entirety it is being conveyed in one form or the other. Hence in relation to businesses and stakeholders, the role of CSR is of paramount significance because it communicates a message like none other. The need is to realize how CSR is wor king to its full capacity and allow it to propagate a message which is for the overall betterment of the organization, a case in point being Nike where CSR is always seen imperatively. Similarly, CSR for the sake of Apple helps it to establish its basis within markets where Nokia and Samsung are in common use as far as mobile phones are related. The question that remains here is whether or not both Nike and Apple are doing all that they can to bring about something further in the name of CSR than merely producing goods and products (Petersen, 2012). Importance of CSR Relative to Other Corporate Objectives Since corporate objectives of every business are different, the role of CSR also takes a

Report profiling a service organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Report profiling a service organisation - Essay Example At the end of the paper, further recommendations have been provided, which may further contribute to the hotel chain’s success and growth. Hotels have been considered to be one of the main players in the tourism and hospitality industry. The hotel sector has also been considered to have been able to provide millions of jobs for people all over the world. However, what with the many hotel companies all over the world today, there is a need for the implementation of proper management strategies to make sure that hotels are able to continuously serve their guests, as well as keep their employees. The writer has decided to focus on the management strategies of the Hilton Hotels group, which originated in the United States and has remained to be one of the top hotel and resorts chain in the world. It was in the year 1919, when a certain Conrad Hilton bought his first hotel which was called The Mobley, located in Cisco, Texas. Fast forward to six years later, and Hilton managed to build his first hotel in Dallas which he named ‘The Hilton.’ This was the beginning of a long history of chain of hotels across the country and the company managed to build hotels overseas as well. The Hilton Group now comprises around 500 hotel chains all over the world, with 60,000 employees in around 50 countries. The entire group id divided into four global regions. These are namely, Europe, the UK and Ireland, the Middle East and Africa, Asia Pacific and South America. In the USA, it is the Hilton Hotel Corporation (or HCC) that is in charge of the country’s operations (Maxwell & Lyle, 2002). Guests pay the hotel to be pampered and the hotel must ensure that the guests get their money’s worth, and more. If the guest is able to have a good experience and is satisfied with the hotel’s service, then the hotel can be assured that the guest would return to stay again at their hotel (Stoller, 2006). Hilton’s service has been declining for the past couple of years, and

With reference to your own research, do you think that the ability of Assignment

With reference to your own research, do you think that the ability of a business to act successfully in a social responsibility manner is mainly determined by the products it produces - Assignment Example Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR for short is the ability of a business to manifest its truest basis to the public time and again. This means that its aim is to be truthful to all and sundry to create a positive mindset and image about the different product and service offerings under its organizational aegis. This paper will highlight the potential benefits of CSR which is in relation to the cost for businesses and stakeholders. It will also highlight how the CSR becomes a significant entity in relation to several other objectives of the organization. Then there will be some influences which determine the kind of responsibilities that are accepted by a business enterprise and the ones which are not while also highlighting some of the factors which discern the extent to which a business can be deemed as socially responsible. The value and the dire limitations towards businesses and stakeholders in the realms of social reporting will be discussed as will be the exte nt to which governments have a role in influencing the CSR. ... Hence in conjunction with what the businesses and stakeholders think and act, it is pertinent that the premise of CSR is given importance. How this happens is a difficult process though. These businesses and stakeholders need to find a way through which they can reach the minds of their consumers so that they can eventually bring about a sale or make use of their services. The bottom line however is an intention to bring about a sale. Even though this might not be said, the role of CSR is to build a positive word of mouth for the business regimes which will eventually set about a pragmatic feel for all and sundry related with the business. The stakeholders might find it difficult to understand the message that CSR is trying to send their way but in entirety it is being conveyed in one form or the other. Hence in relation to businesses and stakeholders, the role of CSR is of paramount significance because it communicates a message like none other. The need is to realize how CSR is wor king to its full capacity and allow it to propagate a message which is for the overall betterment of the organization, a case in point being Nike where CSR is always seen imperatively. Similarly, CSR for the sake of Apple helps it to establish its basis within markets where Nokia and Samsung are in common use as far as mobile phones are related. The question that remains here is whether or not both Nike and Apple are doing all that they can to bring about something further in the name of CSR than merely producing goods and products (Petersen, 2012). Importance of CSR Relative to Other Corporate Objectives Since corporate objectives of every business are different, the role of CSR also takes a

I will upload the Info to who I need to send it to when get to the Essay

I will upload the Info to who I need to send it to when get to the step - Essay Example The popularity of the social networking culture may seem to picture a different story but the fact remains that online friends can never take the place of real life friends and seldom provide the comfort that real friends provide. Being a part of a social-networking group I never mind adding new friends on receiving friend-requests from people I have met once or twice or sometimes never met at all, but the truth is I myself consider it a social networking group rather than what we call a friend circle. I will never be comfortable sharing most of my matters over the internet than I am sharing face to face with my own friends. Many of us will agree that the people we meet online are less close to us as compared to those relationships we have offline. Online friendships are though totally unsatisfying. In many of my friends’ cases I have known people who have considerable comfort levels with online friends and they are quite satisfied but still the place of the online real life f riendships stands far in comparable to those online friends. To understand the impact of internet on the social relationships of the people, we need to analyze two main evidences. First is the effect of computer mediated communication on the social relationships, i.e., what is the quality of the communication established on the internet compared to that of communication through other media .Also, the sustainability of such relationships made on the internet to that of our personal and face to face relationship with friends .Secondly, we need to understand how computer mediated communication effects one’s mix of social interactions and relationships. The communication impact will be very different in case of computer mediated relationships as compared to the traditional relationships and communication with well established friends. However, people may argue the usefulness of this type of relationships stating the convenience of communicating and getting the work done on the in ternet. To some extent, it is also true, information technology advancements are responsible for the current globalization effects in trades and businesses across the globe. The growth in information technology has today enabled users to get the work done in any part of the world at the click of a button and make huge profits in business by communicating on the internet. But, the reliability of the work done is much better in case of telephony or face to face conversation. I am sure many people will agree to the fact that it was easier to get their works done by telephony conversation or personal meeting while internet conversation simply contributed exchange of information. In my personal case too, I have inferred that the nature of relationships online and offline is varied to a great extent. Communication with online relationships is less frequent and weaker than that of offline relationships. This frequency of communication predicts psychological closeness to offline acquaintanc es and there is seldom rather nil closeness in case of online relationships. Over the internet too we tend to communicate frequently with established real life friends than sharing with online partners. Despite of this people do not not have a sense of belonging for these members, they can communicate well, share their interests and exchange information on the internet but

Children and Play Essay Example for Free

Children and Play Essay In my experience I have witnessed many children challenging themselves to take risks, for example when my target child was playing outside he challenged himself to climb higher on the climbing frame, which he achieved and then after I explained to him how this activity provides risks for him and other children, also I explained to him that there is nothing wrong with taking risks and that they help you learn how to do certain things. Another time when one of the children at my setting was challenging them self was when they were learning how to ride a bike, I saw the child getting frustrated and angry with them self because they kept stumbling and nearly falling off, I then stopped the child and told him how learning to ride a bike is a challenge and a risk for them and explained that it is fun but it comes with a few risks e. g. possibly falling off and injuring themselves. After I told him this he was more careful on the bike and after some encouragement he felt more comfortable when challenging himself and taking risks in the near future. Children benefit from play activities that challenge them in many ways, one way is that it provides them with a learning curve to try new things even if they can’t do them at first, for example climbing high ropes. Everyday life always involves some kind of risk and children need to learn how to cope with this. They need to understand that the world can be a dangerous place and that care needs to be taken when negotiating their way around it. Inevitably the most powerful learning comes from not understanding or misjudging the degree of risk. Similarly the toddler who ignores the warning, for example if the child says â€Å"don’t climb too high, you might fall†, and experiences this then they are not likely to make the same mistake again. Being told about possible dangers is not enough, children need to see or experience the consequences of not taking care. When I observe young children, I have seen that from an early age, they are motivated to take risks; they want to learn to walk, climb, ride a bike and are not put off by the tumbles they experience as they are developing coordination and control. In my setting children find their own physical challenges and, in doing so learn about their own strengths and limitations. Children who are sheltered from risk and challenge when young will not be able to make judgements about their own capabilities and will not be well equipped to resist peer pressure in their later years.

Qualities Of Good Leadership Management Assignment

Qualities Of Good Leadership Management Assignment With the advent of networking, collectivization and team working, leadership has become a widely discussed topic in the world at the present time. No matter in the field of politics or economy, enterprises or small business, or south or north, leadership has already been accepted as a core quality, individually and generally. This essay is expected to analyze the qualities of good leadership, aims to identify and account for the most important two qualities of good leadership, comparing different type of leaders and illustrating some successful examples. The definition of leadership in the prior research is varied. For example, some people argue that, leadership is ‘a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal’ (Northouse, cited in Grint, 2005:21), while some recognize the leadership is a kind of personal ability. Nevertheless, the term of ‘leadership’ used in this essay will be built upon on the definition given by Hogan and Kaiser (2005:172) ‘the ability to build and maintain a group that performs well compared to its competition.’ Charismatic leadership and strategic leadership are considered to be the most important two qualities of leadership in this essay. Charismatic leadership has outstanding performance in attracting followers while the strategic leadership could guard the further development of the business and the group in the right direction. It is a tough way to become a successful leader, although, theoretically, everyone has the possibility of being a leader. According to Dick Nettell, the new executive officer of Bank of Americas Consumer Call Center in Concord, California, â€Å"everybody wants to win. Everybody wants to be successful. Everybody comes to work trying to make a difference† (cited in James and Barry, 2007:4). However, the numerous people that can be labeled as ‘leaders’, but only a few of them could become a successful leader. That is because only those minority leaders have the qualities of good leadership. Therefore, it is vital to identify and analyze what kinds of qualities of good leadership are indispensable. To some extent, these qualities can be summarized in two points. Firstly, charismatic leadership is essential for a successful leader. That means a successful leader should be charismatic. On the one hand, internally, the relationship between leaders and other team members is quite influential, though it is invisible. There is a vivid saying in ancient China, the relationship between leaders and their fellows is like a metaphor, the boat and the water, and water could support the boat, also could overturn it. In the west, it is believed that, the leaders should ‘attract and inspire his followers’ (Gill, 2006: 54-55). If there is no follower, the leader could not be called a leader. On the other hand, leadership not only have to deal with the troubles from inside, but also, have to face the pressure and difficulties from outside, especially in the network society. Leaders have to built a very good networking with their partners, investors, customers, public, and sometimes, even with their counterworkers. An interesting study of senior managers in Fortune 500 companies in the US by David Waldman et al., shows that, under some conditions, ‘charismatic leadership is associated with net profit margin’ (cited in Gill, 2006:54). Thus, to some extent, charismatic leadership can bring benefit into business, even the world. In fact, it can be seen that there were many charismatic leaders in political field, such as Chairman Mao, who was the first leader of Peoples Republic of China, successfully led the revolutions in China and established the Peoples Republic of China, and Martin Luther King, who had a famous speech I have a dream in 1963, became the president of US during the American Civil Rights Act. In sort, charismatic leadership can help to establish good relationship with both inside and outside the organization, and it can benefit the world and organization itself. However, the charismatic is not the only impact in this research, there is another aspect for a good leader, that is to say, strategic leadership. Johnson and Scholes ‘define strategic leadership as encapsulating entrepreneurial processes and strategic vision’ (cited in Gill, 2006:59). That means the leader should be the core decision maker in a group, and the main conductor in carrying out the decisions. In Johnson and Scholess words, strategic leadership is ‘concerned with strategy development and change’ (cited in Gill, 2006, p: 59). Gill states that main point of strategic leadership is to decide about ‘whether and when to act’ (2006, p: 60). Significantly, strategic leadership is closely related to the personal background of the leader himself, such as the education background and the professional experience. Compare to charismatic leadership, strategic leadership gives more attentions to the practical experience, instead of personalities. Thus, strategic leadership is much easier to be developed by the leaders who would like to be successful but lack personal qualities. Furthermore, it is also worth to be pointed out that the achievement of a group, a company or a business activity could be guaranteed or lost simply by a leaders decision. For example, Kmart, Tyco and ATT were beset by ‘acquisition lust’ and were virtually destroyed because of wrong strategy they followed by (Charan and Useem, cited in Gill, 2006:19). On the other hand, the organization is highly likely to be successful if the leader has good strategic leadership. Take Marks Spencer (Gill, 2006: 197-198) for an example. Marks Spencer suffered from decline during 1990s because of poor strategic management. However, Luc Vandevelde, the chairman and CEO of MarksSpencer in 2000, made his three famous strategies, which were ‘to focus on the heart of the business’, ‘to stop all activities which were non- core or making a lo ss’, and ‘to achieve the right capital structure to make the balance sheet more efficient and to generate greater value for shareholders’, in order to cross the crisis. Resulting from these three strategies, Vandevelde ensured the success of his business for years. In a word, strategic leadership can not only bring success to leaders themselves, but also to the organizations. Although there are many others qualities of leadership, these two qualities are considered to be the most important two for being a successful leader: charismatic leadership and strategic leadership. Charismatic leadership can attract followers and get support from both inside and outside of the organization; meanwhile, Strategic leadership can guarantee the achievement of the whole business and the whole group, and benefits the organizations. If a leader lacks these two qualities of leadership, he might not achieve success in his career life.

Lee Jeans Advertisement Essay -- Advertising Marketing

Strength Every woman has gone through heartbreak at least once in her lifetime. Lee Jeans uses heartbreak to convince the audience of this advertisement to buy their jeans. In this Lee Jeans advertisement there are all different claims. The one that stands out the most is the claim of value. The advertisement shows support of this claim through the word usage and the picture representation. Lee Jeans wants to represent the " NEW LOOK FOR LEE" as the women?s jeans. Through the different use of symbols, the advertisement makes women think of times when they need to be strong. As a result of the symbols represented in this advertisement, the claim of value becomes more obvious. Although Lee Jeans has always been known for strong manly jeans, this company wants women to realize that there is nothing that can stop them from moving ahead and becoming strong. This is seen through the woman in the advertisement feminine jeans, manly boots, and the explanatory of the statement "SOMEWHERE AN EX- BOYFRI END IS FILLED WITH AN INCREDIBLE SENSE OF REGRET." Because of the past ideas of Lee?s Jeans being the "man?s jeans," the picture representation, along with the word usage, has to be powerful. This advertisement?s bland black and white coloring allows the audience to see right to the point the company is making. Using a lot of colors also shows that women do not need anything extra to make them strong. In the past, advertisements for women?s goods were usually very colorful. The colors were usually feminine pinks, purples, and yellows. Rather than using normal feminine colors, using black and white makes the advertisement stand for strength. The advertisement also shows a woman wearing Lee?s flare jeans and big boots. The company is sh... ...tomers. Lee Jeans Company uses the power and strength of getting over a past relationship to inspire their claim of value. The use of picture representation and strong wording convinces the reader of the advertisement to not only trust the Lee Jeans Company, but also to be a stronger woman. The advertisement uses symbols such as the woman in feminine jeans with her manly boots, the black and white background, the night setting, and the inspiring words to show women that they can be strong. This company recognized that if they wanted to get women?s attention, they would have to intrude on the emotions of women readers. Heartbreak affects so many people that this advertisement would intrigue any woman of any race or ethnic background. The Lee Jeans Company accomplishes the goal of making women recognize that nothing can hold them back while selling of their product.

Westward Expansion and Imperialism :: American America History

Westward Expansion and Imperialism Throughout most of the nineteenth century, the United States expanded its territory westward through purchase and annexation. At the end of the century, however, expansion became imperialism, as America acquired several territories overseas. This policy shift from expansionism to imperialism came about as a result of American's experience in the Spanish American War and the Congressional debates that followed the American victory. After temporarily resolving the problems of Reconstruction and Industrialization, Americans began to resume the course of expansion. The horrors of the Civil War had interrupted the original Manifest Destiny that began in the 1840s. Now, as pioneers settled the last western frontiers, expansionists looked yet farther to the west -- toward Asia and the Pacific. American ships had long been active in the Pacific. The New England whaling fleets scoured the ocean in search of their prey. As ships crossed the vast ocean to trade in Asia, islands in the Pacific became important stops for coal, provisions, and repairs. In the South Pacific, the American navy negotiated with awestruck natives for the rights to build bases on the islands of Midway and Samoa. This practice had been going on for a while. The Hawaiian Islands, which lie closest to the American mainland, had long been an important stop for the Pacific fleet. Eventually, the expansion to this area became imperialistic. Pearl Harbor, on the island of Oahu, offered one of the most attractive natural bases in the Pacific. Soon other Americans followed to become sugar planters and to establish profitable businesses. Americans were busy building huge plantations, warehouses, railroads, dry-docks, banks, hotels, and stores. They soon dominated the island's economy, and they were able to influence its government as well. Americans created and controlled Hawaii's legislature and cabinet, and they limited the power of the native king. As the century began to come to a close, disputes arose between the Kanaka and those of foreign descent. "Hawaii for Hawaiians" became the slogan of people who sought to restore the traditional ways of the kingdom. Others called for the annexation of Hawaii by the United States. Annexation would eliminate the recent trade restrictions on sugar and revive the island's faltering economy. The imperialistic was taking ov er the islands. The imperialistic attitude sprung from the American Victory in the Spanish-American War. Although the Spanish-American War and the intervention in the Philippines were preceded by fifty years of meddling in Latin America, and to a lesser degree Asia and Africa, it was these two events that marked and tested a fully realized imperial policy. Westward Expansion and Imperialism :: American America History Westward Expansion and Imperialism Throughout most of the nineteenth century, the United States expanded its territory westward through purchase and annexation. At the end of the century, however, expansion became imperialism, as America acquired several territories overseas. This policy shift from expansionism to imperialism came about as a result of American's experience in the Spanish American War and the Congressional debates that followed the American victory. After temporarily resolving the problems of Reconstruction and Industrialization, Americans began to resume the course of expansion. The horrors of the Civil War had interrupted the original Manifest Destiny that began in the 1840s. Now, as pioneers settled the last western frontiers, expansionists looked yet farther to the west -- toward Asia and the Pacific. American ships had long been active in the Pacific. The New England whaling fleets scoured the ocean in search of their prey. As ships crossed the vast ocean to trade in Asia, islands in the Pacific became important stops for coal, provisions, and repairs. In the South Pacific, the American navy negotiated with awestruck natives for the rights to build bases on the islands of Midway and Samoa. This practice had been going on for a while. The Hawaiian Islands, which lie closest to the American mainland, had long been an important stop for the Pacific fleet. Eventually, the expansion to this area became imperialistic. Pearl Harbor, on the island of Oahu, offered one of the most attractive natural bases in the Pacific. Soon other Americans followed to become sugar planters and to establish profitable businesses. Americans were busy building huge plantations, warehouses, railroads, dry-docks, banks, hotels, and stores. They soon dominated the island's economy, and they were able to influence its government as well. Americans created and controlled Hawaii's legislature and cabinet, and they limited the power of the native king. As the century began to come to a close, disputes arose between the Kanaka and those of foreign descent. "Hawaii for Hawaiians" became the slogan of people who sought to restore the traditional ways of the kingdom. Others called for the annexation of Hawaii by the United States. Annexation would eliminate the recent trade restrictions on sugar and revive the island's faltering economy. The imperialistic was taking ov er the islands. The imperialistic attitude sprung from the American Victory in the Spanish-American War. Although the Spanish-American War and the intervention in the Philippines were preceded by fifty years of meddling in Latin America, and to a lesser degree Asia and Africa, it was these two events that marked and tested a fully realized imperial policy.

Oedipus the King Essay

Man is the marionette in the hands of destiny. It is the circumstances and fate which bring tragic incidents in his life. The Aristotelian tragedies are generally based on this attitude. According to Aristotle tragedy is the representation of action. Common meaning of tragedies is the poignant end of the play. Here we are going to discuss about the two different tragedies which took place in different era. The first tragedy is the tragedy of â€Å"King Oedipus† which happened approximately 2000 years before and the second tragedy is the tragedy which belongs to the modern era. It is Arthur Miller’s â€Å"Death of a Salesman. † They are different from each other but apart from a long gap of about 2000 years, but yet some resemblances are there in them. We are going to discuss on the resemblances and differentiations. Let us consider â€Å"King Oedipus† first According to the rule of Aristotelian plot â€Å"Oedipus the King† is divided into two different parts, one is simple plot and another is complex plot. In simple plot the changes in the fortune of King Oedipus take place without Peripety and discovery. It is a journey from ignorance to knowledge. He has to confront with the consequences of the miserable truth. At first he is not ready to accept the fact but at the end the circumstances compel him to accept the reality. The protagonist, along with the other characters, totally becomes helpless in the hands of destiny. He is a king but the qualities of normal human beings are present in him. The tragedy takes place because of the sin he has committed inadvertently. According to the opinion of Aristotelian tragedies the hero of the play is neither perfectly good nor entirely bad. Oedipus thus is the man of ordinary weaknesses. He has had all the eminence but here he has shown falling into ruin from this distinction and it is unfortunately not because of any deliberate sin but because of the error committed by him in his ignorance. Like the protagonist the other characters in this play are also good but not perfect. For example Laios, father of King Oedipus who is of course a good soul but still he commits a sin of attempting the murder of his son at the infant stage of his life because of the fear that his son would one day kill him. â€Å"Laios had the feet of this child bound and pinned. Someone tossed it in a mountain wilderness. So there. Apollo didn’t cause this boy to be his father’s killer. Laios didn’t bear the terror he feared from his son. That’s what the words of prophecy defined. † (Line 717, Scene 3, â€Å"Oedipus the King†) The theory of tragedy of Arthur Miller is based on the life of an ordinary man. Miller was rejected by many critics because his tragedy was not based upon the Aristotelian concept of tragedy where the tragic hero is always a king or a prince. On the contrary the hero is a common man and so according to the critics he is unable to arise the tragic sentiments. But it was the belief of Miller â€Å"that the common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as kings were. On the face of it this ought to be obvious in the light of modern psychiatry, which bases its analysis upon classific formulations, such as the Oedipus and Orestes complexes, for instance, which were enacted by royal beings, but which apply to everyone in similar emotional situations. † (an essay by Arthur Miller, â€Å"Tragedy and the Common Man†) With the same viewpoint Arthur Miller has depicted the tragic story of a very simple ordinary man, Willy. Willy is an ordinary person by occupation as well as by nature. Not only Willy but rests of the characters are the exact mirror image of the ordinary man in the modern society who is constantly pursuing the materialist happiness. According to Miller it is not only the kings that can be the tragic heroes but the common man can also play the role of a tragic hero. As far as the issue of morality is concerned both plays are somewhat similar and somewhat reverse to each other. Morality plays a very important role in both of this play but still it defers from one another. Many people believe that Oedipus is an immoral person but it is not a premeditated immorality. Oedipus’ tragic fall, which later leads to tragedy was absolutely not his sin. He slays his biological father and marries to his biological mother. It is actually the height of immorality but at the time of committing this sin Oedipus was totally unaware about the reality. In short he is the immoral man by his predestined actions. The concept of morality is deliberate in Miller’s â€Å"Death of Salesman. † Here the hero of this play Willy Loman flouts all the rules of morality. He is charlatan, flirt and a liar. The lack of morality finds there in the Loman’s family itself. He goes on deceiving his wife by keeping illicit relationship with another woman. He goes on deceiving his son and wife by making his false image and by pretending to be an important person. â€Å"They don’t need me in New York. I’m the New England man. I’m vital in New England. † (Act 1, Part 1, pg. 4, Death of Salesman) But it is an illusion. Pride is there in both Oedipus and Willy but pride of Oedipus is at least genuine unlike to that of Willy which is just a fake. The heroes of both of the plays have to pay a lot and both of them have suffered a lot due to the mistakes they have done either ignorantly or deliberately. Both Oedipus and Willy in the end succeed in getting the sympathy of the audience. â€Å"I don’t say he’s a great man. Willy Loman never made a lot of money. His name was never in the paper. He’s not the finest character that ever lived. But he’s a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. So attention must be paid. He’s not to be allowed to fall into his grave like an old dog. Attention, attention must be finally paid to such a person. † (Act 1, Part 8, pg. 40) Apart from being an ordinary man Willy like Oedipus deserves the sympathy of the audience.

Fbs Nc2 Reviewer

FOOD AND BEVERAGE NCII REVIEWER Possible Questions for Oral Questioning What is 3 Bucket Method? ?  Washing ?  Rinsing ?  Sanitizing What is 3S? ?  Scrape ?  Segregate ?  Stack What is the basic function of food service attendant (bartender, receptionist, waiter or any other position)? How do you handle guest complaint? H- hear (listen and identify complaint) E – Empathize A- Apologize R – Respond (inform supervisor) T – Take action What are the types of food service? Explain each service.   America  Service or plated service – food is already prepared in the kitchen in individual plates with garnish and accompaniment and plate is served individually to guests ? Russian service or platter service – food is arranged in a platter and waiter serve the food from the platter to the guests plate using a tong ? French or gueridon service – chef or head waiter prepare the food on the table side with some showmanship. Gueridon service for it uses gueridon trolley ? Buffet Service- guests line up to get their food in the buffet table ? Banquet Service – for group of persons and with fixed price ?Family Service – food are prepared in the kitchen, placed in a platter and served in a platter on the table. ?  English Service – private dinner with fine dining set-up and typically with wine service ? Luriat Service – plate of food complete with rice, meat, vegetable and dessert/ plate with complete meal ? Apartment or Blue Plate Service – similar to family Service with difference in location as it is held in an apartment ? Tray Service – food is served with the use of a tray What are the examples of unsanitary/ sanitary practices? Differentiate American Service (Plated) from Russian Service (Platter).What are the common factors that need to be considered in putting up you own restaurant? ?  Capital/ Budget ?  Location ?  Target Market ?  Competitors ?  Manning â€⠀œ quality, trained staff ?  Knowledgeable about the Business ?  Food Costing ?  Safety and Sanitation of the Area ?  Requirements & Permits ?  Equipments ?  Product/ Source of Ingredients ?  Product Development Cite examples of the different areas of the restaurant. Tell something about the area. ?  Cashier's Area ?  Dining Area – where guests are seated to eat, ?  Dishwashing Area – where cutleries, dishes and other equipments are washed, rinsed and sanitized.It is placed inside the kitchen ? Food Preparation Area – aka kitchen ?  Dispatching Area ?  Bar Counter ?  Food Display Counter ?  Service Station or Side Stand What is restaurant? Types of restaurant. ?  Fine Dining ?  Coffee shop ?  Industrial, Student Canteen/ Cafeteria What are the procedures in fine dining? How do you rate your self 1-10 base, 10 as the highest, on your demonstration? Did you pass or fail? Why? What are the things needed in preparing the table for s ervice? ?  China ?  Glasses ?  Cloth ?  Cutleries What are the considerations when preparing the table for service?   Check equipment, check the table and then sanitize the table. How do you sanitize your hands? ?  Wash hands for 20 sec with sanitizer/ soap and water ?  Wash up to your elbow ?  Rinse hand thoroughly ?  Dry hands using single service towel or paper towels What are the qualification(s) of a good food service attendant? ?  Service-oriented, meaning you are knowledgeable of your job roles and functions. How do you check condition of the table (and utensils) prior to service? ?  Actual checking ?  Types of Kitchen ?  Cold – Salad, Dessert ?  Hot – Entree, Soup, AppetizerTIPS – FBS NC II Assessment TIPS 1. Check table, chair and utensils and other items for cracks, chips and stains  through actual checking. 2. All forks are placed on the left side, except for the cocktail fork. 3. Pull out unneeded cutleries and china and set-up the needed  base on the order of the guest. 4. When guests are already seated, approach the table within 30 seconds. 5. If tied up with other guest, approach and tell the guest you'll get to them in a few seconds. 6. Maintain positive attitude: a. Friendly but not familiar b. No handshake, no pat on the back c. Do not stare 7.Be calm, relaxed and focused on guest. 8. Keep voice on comfortable level, speak slowly. 9. Offer appealing suggestion or  suggestive selling  before, while and after dinner. 10. Describe menu to guest. Use words such as fresh, fluffy, hand whipped, light, popular, delicious, tender, juicy, homemade 11. When taking the order, code your check if guest is many. | | 12. When taking order of group, move around the table. 13. Do not talk over guest. 14. Repeat order, if not sure. 15. Take menu when leaving. 16. Do not touch the napkin or any other item, when still asking for permission. 7. Transfer food ASAP 18. When presenting the check/ bill, never a ssume and never ask who is paying. Put the check on the table face down. For 2 or more guests, place check in the middle of the table. 19. Do not cross median  when placing utensils and order of the guest. 20. For complaints, use your H-E-A-R-T! H- hear (listen and identify complaint) E – Empathize A- Apologize R – Respond (inform supervisor) T – Take action 21. Dispose leftover following the  3S (Scrape, Segregate, Stack) 22. When stocking: ?  Biggest to smallest ?  Do not stock too high ?  By 10s only   When clearing the dining area start with the cruet set, then silverwares, chinaware and finally the water goblet. ?  When cutleries are touched in critical area, replace and apologize to the guest. ?  When guest ordered 2 salad/ soup/ appetizer/ entree/ beverage/ dessert, ask the guest which one do they prefer to be served first. ?  When serving the food/ beverage,  mention the name of the food/ beverage. Critical Mistakes in FBS: ?  Faili ng to Link ?  Serving the wrong food ?  Wrong cutlery set up ?  Failing to repeat order ?  No suggestive selling ?  Forgetting to give copy of receipt to guest   When cutleries are touched in critical area, replace and apologize to the guest. ?  Right side of the guest: ?  Beverages ?  Dishing out ?  Presentation of the Bill ?  Left side of the guest: ?  Presentation of menu list (hold menu list with left hand with the menu facing out) ? Taking orders ?  Delivery of food ?  On Fine Dining, no table napking wrapped around the pitcher. ?  Avoid transferring tray from one hand to the other to avoid accidents. ?  On Fine Dining, when guest did not order for soup nor salad get the table napkin and place on the left side of the guest and dish out the show plate.   On suggestive selling, start w/ main dish especially if asked â€Å"what is your specialty? † ?  Colored teapot – for black coffee White teapot – for hot water ?  Dishin g out, 3x only: ?  Cruet set ?  Plates and cutleries ?  Water goblet ?  Mese-en-place in 5 minutes only ?  During set-up/ mese-en-place, 4 deliveries only: ?  Cruet set ?  Cutleries and bread plate (6 pcs) ?  Show plate and folded napkin ?  Water goblet ?  In room service, on the trolley ?  First Layer (Top): o  Cruet set o  Paper napkin holder w/ paper napkin o  Toothpick o  Water goblet w/ cover o  Collin glass w/ cover   (Bottled water) o  Water container/ pitcher o  Teapot o  Cup and saucer o  Extra table napkin o  Cutleries covered w/ table napkin o  Food w/ cover (if space is enough) ?  Second Layer o  Bill tray Third Layer o  Table cloth o  Sanitizing agent and wiping cloth ?  In room service, do not give copy of receipt if guest paid using ‘charged to room†. Just let the guest sign the receipt. ?  In room service, if guest ordered for bread place the butter spreader next to the dinner fork. ?  In suggest ive selling (room service), do not ask questions answerable by â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no. † e. g.We serve fresh fruits like orange, apple, mango. ?  In room service: ?  Suggestive selling ?  Additional request ?  Good for how many†¦. then repeat order ?  When wiping table, counter clockwise direction. ?  In Fine Dining, when guest have no reservation and paid thru signing privilege do not forget to get the name of the guest and the name of the company and its address. Verify at the counter. ?  In fine dining, when guest ordered for additional rice place it in the bread plate and place on the bread plate position. ?  Leave on the trolley, place the food and beverage according to proper clocking.Table Skirting Tips: ?  Be playful with colors. Careful some colors do not go well. ?  Communicate with your supervisor, caterer and clients. ?  Cater or follow your guest specifications and wants. ?  Typically, the presidential and buffet table are the only table with skirting. Food and Beverage Services (FBS) NC II Free Reviewer Types of Services Banquet (Bukcet) Service †¢ For group of person †¢ Fixed price †¢ e. g. typical function Family Service †¢ Food are prepared in the kitchen and served in platter in the table †¢ Started by head of the family English Service Private dinner †¢ Typical private dinner †¢ Fine dining set-up †¢ w/ Wine service Luriat Service †¢ A plate with rice, meat, vegetable & dessert †¢ Big plate with complete meal Apartment/ Blue Plate Service †¢ Similar with family service, difference is location †¢ Located in apartment Tray Service Types of Menu 1. A la Carte – combo meal 2. Table d' Hote – Specific Menu w/ specific price Classes of Menu 1. Special party – e. g. weddings, baptismal 2. Cycle – preparation of food is combination of lunch and dinner Menu Functions 1. Breakfast 2. Morning/ A. M. Snack 3.Brunch (Breakfas t + Lunch) 4. Lunch 5. Afternoon/ P. M. Snack (2 – 3 P. M. ) 6. Merienda Cena (5 P. M. ) 7. Dinner 8. Midnight Snack Food Sequence 1. Appetizer 2. Soup 3. Salad 4. Main Course/ Entree 5. Dessert 6. Beverages Silverwares: Spoon SPOONS †¢ Sugar spoon – a piece of cutlery used for serving granulated sugar. This type of spoon resembles a teaspoon except that the bowl is deeper and often molded in the shape of a sea shell, giving it the name sugar shell. Sugar spoons are sometimes called â€Å"sugar shovels† because of their rectangular shape and deep bowl.   Ice Cream Spoon †¢ Dessert spoon — intermediate in size between a teaspoon and a tablespoon, used in eating dessert and sometimes soup or cereals. †¢ Teaspoon — small, suitable for stirring and sipping tea or coffee, standard capacity one third of a tablespoon. Examples: o Grapefruit spoon or orange spoon — tapers to a sharp point or teeth, used for citrus fruits and melons o iced tea spoon/ Long tea spoon — with a very long handle †¢ Soup spoon — with a large or rounded bowl for eating soup. Example: o cream-soup spoon — round-bowled, slightly shorter than a standard soup spoon Dinner spoon †¢ Table spoon Silverware: Forks ?  Cocktail fork –  A small fork resembling a trident, used for spearing cocktail garnishes such as olives. ?  Cake fork ?  Tea fork ?  Escargot –  or snail fork is a two-pronged small fork used to eat escargot or snails, a French delicacy. ?  Dessert fork –  a fork used for eating certain desserts, usually somewhat smaller than a dinner fork. ?  Fish fork ?  Salad fork –  Similar to a regular fork, but may be shorter, or have one of the outer tines shaped differently. ?  Dinner fork ?  Table fork Silverwares: Knives   Bread and butter spreader ?  Salad knife ?  Dinner knife ?  Cocktail / Fish knife Types of Chinaware According to Material U sed 1. Melamine (Plastic) 2. Ceramic (Clay) 3. Porcelain 4. Transparent Glass Chinaware ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Show Plate/ Underliner –  11 – 12  Ã‚  inches in diameter, underline for starters ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dinner Plate –  11 inches in diameter, for main course like steaks, Continental/ American breakfast, plated foods ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soup bowl –  9 – 10 inches in diameter, container for cream soup,  (used for thick soup with underliner)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fish Plate –  9 inches in diameter for fish appetizers like smoked salmon, tanguigue, chef plate, sushi, sashimi and etc. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salad Plate and Salad Bowl –à ‚  8-8. 5 inches in diameter, container/underliner for vegetable or fruit salad ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dessert Plate –  6. 5 – 7 inches ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bread Plate –  7. 5 inches in diameter for bread and butter served on the side of the cover ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bouillon or Consomme Cup –  container for clear soup like beef consomme, clear vegetable soup and etc. ,  (used for serving clear soup e. g. inigang) ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sauce Boat ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monkey Dish –  container for sauces like gravy, tempura sauce, etc. and SOY  DISH  for kikkoman/ soy sauce, calamansi, pati, vinegar (for serving dipping sauce/ sawsawan) ?  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Demitasse saucer and cup –  4 inches in diameter, underline for demitasse cup, usually used for cafe  espresso and hot chocolate ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cup ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Saucer –  6 inches in diameter, used for coffee underliner, maybe used also for dessert ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cereal Bowl –  container for cereals like arroz caldo, oats and etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cruet Set* –  vase with salt and pepper shaker ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bell* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Egg cup holder* –  for containing hard boiled e ggs ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tea Ball* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coaster –  stainless is used as cover and wood or plastic as underliner* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napkin* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food Cover* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bill Holder* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oval Plate ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pitcher –  either stainless or glass, when used to serve water it should have a napkin* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teapot ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coffee Pot –  b igger than the teapotTypes of Glasses ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tumbler ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Footed ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stem –  For serving wine and cocktails. They all have a long stem that you hold to drink the liquid inside so that the temperature of your hand on the bowl of the glass won’t warm or affect the temperature of the drink. These include: 1. Champagne flute glasses. This type of drink glass has a long stem and a long narrow bowl. 2. Cocktail glass. This is often called a martini glass. The bowl is triangular in shape so that it almost forms a right angle from the tip of the cone to the cross section of the bowl. . Sherry glass. This drink glass has a stem for holding but the bowl of the glass is rounder and larger than the typical types of stemware. The standard size is one that holds about 4 ounces of s herry or wine. 4. Snifter. This is a balloon shape wine glass in which the bowl is narrower at the top than at the bottom. It is mostly used for serving brandy. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mug Glasses 1. Parfait glass/ Sundae This glass has a similar inwards curve to that of a hurricane glass, with a steeper outwards rim and larger, rounded bowl. Often used for drinks containing fruit or ice cream.Typical Size: 12 oz. 2. Cocktail glass/ Martini Glass This glass has a triangle-bowl design with a long stem, and is used for a wide range of straight-up (without ice) cocktails, including martinis, manhattans, metropolitans, and gimlets. Also known as a martini glass. Typical Size: 4-12 oz. 3. Sherbet  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ used for ice cream 4. Margarita/coupette glass This slightly larger and rounded approach to a cocktail glass has a broad-rim for holding salt, ideal for margarita's. It is also used in daiquiris and other fruit drinks. Typical Size: 12 oz. 5. Cordial glassSmall and stemmed glasses used for serving small portions of your favourite liquors at times such as after a meal. Typical Size: 2 oz. 7. Shot glass A small glass suitable for vodka, whiskey and other liquors. Many â€Å"shot† mixed drinks also call for shot glasses. Typical Size: 1. 5 oz. 8. Water Goblet/ Banquet Goblet 9. Red wine glass A clear, thin, stemmed glass with a round bowl tapering inward at the rim. Typical Size: 8 oz. 10. Champagne flute This tulip shaped glass is designed to show off the waltzing bubbles of the wine as they brush against the side of the glass and spread out into a sparkling mousse.Typical Size: 6 oz. 11. White wine glass A clear, thin, stemmed glass with an elongated oval bowl tapering inward at the rim. Typical Size: 12. 5 oz. 12. Old-fashioned glass A short, round so called â€Å"rocks† glass, suitable for cocktails or liquor served on the rocks, or â€Å"with a splash†. Typical Size: 8-10 oz. 13. Highball g lass A straight-sided glass, often an elegant way to serve many types of mixed drinks, like those served on the rocks, shots, and mixer combined liquor drinks (ie. gin and tonic). Typical Size: 8-12 oz. 14. Collins glassShaped similarly to a highball glass, only taller, the collins glass was originally used for the line of collins gin drinks, and is now also commonly used for soft drinks, alcoholic juice, and tropical/exotic juices such as Mai Tai's. Typical Size: 14 oz. 15. Beer mug The traditional beer container. Typical Size: 16 oz. 16. Brandy snifter The shape of this glass concentrates the alcoholic odors to the top of the glass as your hands warm the brandy. Typical Size: 17. 5 oz. 17. Coffee mug The traditional mug used for hot coffee. Typical Size: 12-16 oz. 18. Hurricane glassA tall, elegantly cut glass named after it's hurricane-lamp-like shape, used for exotic/tropical drinks. Typical Size: 15 oz. 19. Pousse-cafe glass A narrow glass essentially used for pousse caf? s and other layered dessert drinks. It's shape increases the ease of layering ingredients. Typical Size: 6 oz. 20. Sherry glass The preferred glass for aperitifs, ports, and sherry. The copita, with it's aroma enhancing narrow taper, is a type of sherry glass. Typical Size: 2 oz. 21. Whiskey sour glass Also known as a delmonico glass, this is a stemmed, wide opening glass, alike to a small version of a champagne flute.Typical Size: 5 oz. Types of Beverages ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non-Alcoholic: 1. Water 2. Juice 3. Coffee 4. Tea ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcoholic ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spirits 3 Bucket Method 1. Washing 2. Rinsing 3. Sanitizing Napkin Folds 1. Fleur de Leis Fan 2. Birds of Paradise 3. Japanese Princess 4. Cardinal 5. Waiter's Jacket 6. The Candlestick 7. Double Candlestick 8. Candle Fan 9. Japanese Fan 10. French Fan 11. The Bat 12. Plain Fold 13. Sea Breeze 14. Flute 15. Star 16. Pyramid 17. Four Candle 18. Lotus/ water Lily 19. Cutlery Holder 20. Pineapple 21. Peacock 22. Bishop's Hat/ Mitre 3. Blossom 24. Candy 25. Cross 26. Candle with Flame 27. Small Candle with Flame 28. Petticoat Tail 29. Snail (Star with fold above) 30. Portfolio 31. Maria Clara 32. Cross Row 33. French Fold 34. Picnic Pocket 35. Rose Twirl 36. Square Dance 37. Lady Dress 38. T-shirt 39. Cat's Paw 40. Deco Bar Items ? Wine Bucket ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shaker 2 Types: o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boston  Type (Body, Strainer, Cap) o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Glass ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bottle and Wine Opener ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chopping Board –  used for garnishing ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Knife ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fruit Picker   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jigger –  used for measuring liquors and liqueurs ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tong ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bar Strainer ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bar Spoon (with/ fruit picker) ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Muddler –  used for crushing fruits ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baller –  used for garnishing ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ice Scooper ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ice Pick –  used for cracking ice ?  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Can Opening ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lime Squeezer ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pour Spout Basic Set-Up Skills 1. Polishing silverware ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moist linen ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do not leave finger print 2. Placing silver/ utensils   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hold silverwares on the sides with thumb and index finger supported in the middle by the middle finger ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napkin Folding ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water Serving ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3/4s of goblet only, about an inch from the rim ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food Placement: ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Serving Food: Order of Service: a. Women served first, oldest to youngest b. Men served next, oldest to youngest c. Serve food counterclockwise using left hand and on left side of guest d. Serve beverage clockwise using right hand on the right side of the guest ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Placement of Glasses