Copper Cycle Lab Report Essay Example

Copper Cycle Lab Report Paper You do not need to fill in all space provided for the sake of doing so. 7. When asked to provide calculations, for full credit you must provide a labeled and systematic approach showing all steps and assumptions required to determine the required results. All calculations must be typed or written legibly. 8. You must submit the complete set of original copies (i. E. The white copies) of your Data/Observation sheets that were signed by your TA with your report. Any attempt to alter the original data or use a different set of data in the analyses maintained in this report is an act of academic dishonesty and will be penalized as such. Some marks will be allocated to the completeness of your data. 9. It is an act of plagiarism (will be penalized) to use any data or information obtained from the literature and/or Web sources without properly citing it. You should rewrite cited work in your own words, especially if the quotation spans more than a couple of sentences. 10. Staple together all pages relating to this report and submit it in the correct slot in the report cabinet before the submission deadline. Reports submitted into the wrong slot or late will be penalized. Official Report Form Page 1 of 5 Purpose Results Use your experimental data to determine the percent recovery of copper from Page 2 of 5 List the balanced net ionic equations for all reactions that you observed in this experiment. Use your observations to provide evidence for all successful reactions completed and products formed. Where applicable, list ions in their coordination complex form; for example, when Cue+ exists as the hexagon complex, use (aqua) in your equation. Note: The zinc action also forms a hexagon complex in aqueous solution. We will write a custom essay sample on Copper Cycle Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Copper Cycle Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Copper Cycle Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Copper Cycle Lab Report Essay Example Copper Cycle Lab Report Paper In conclusion my percent recovery of copper was 100% due to the adequate amounts of solutions and achievement of proper chemical reactions. Equipment and Materials: Copper Metal (penny) Nitric Acid (HON..)(aqua) Sodium Hydroxide (Noah)(aqua) sulfuric ACid Ammonium Hydroxide (NH)(aqua) Hydrochloric Acid (HCI)(aqua) Zinc powder 2 100 ml Beakers 250 ml Waste Beaker 400 ml Beaker Filter paper Plastic Dropper 250 ml Erlenmeyer Flask Forceps Plastic Funnel Red Litmus paper Spatula Steel Wool Glass stirring rod Small test tube Tongs Wash bottle Watch Glass Procedure: l. Weigh a pre-1982 penny (should be around 3 grams) II. Measure ml of concentrated nitric acid, HON..(aqua), into a 100 ml beaker under a fume hood. Place penny into the beaker of nitric acid and observe the reaction. After 5 seconds remove penny with forceps and place into second beaker. Ill. Add approximately ml of denizen water into second beaker to remove any remaining copper ion traces and place rinse into first beaker with nitric acid. Record your observations of the copper (II) nitrate, Cue(NON)2. Dry and weigh the penny to see how much of the copper mass was removed. IV. Pour the solution from the first beaker into a clean 250 ml beaker while inside the fume hood. We will write a custom essay sample on Copper Cycle Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Copper Cycle Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Copper Cycle Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Rinse the first beaker thoroughly and pour the rinse with the solution in the 250 ml beaker. V. Add 6 drops of Sodium Hydroxide, Noah(aqua), to the 250 ml beaker until a precipitate is formed. Test the solution with litmus paper by adding small amounts of sodium hydroxide to the solution until the solution is basic. Record your observations of copper (II) hydroxide, Cue(OH)2. VI. Place the 250 ml beaker on a hot plate and occasionally stir the mixture during heating. Heat mixture until the solution turns completely black. Additional heating will help indicate a chemical reaction has occurred. Record your observations of copper (II) oxide, CLIO. Turn off hot plate and carefully remove the beaker with the forceps. Allow the mixture to cool to room temperature. While waiting for the mixture to cool prepare a suction filtration set. VII. Once cooled, pour the mixture into the Boucher funnel to filter the precipitate. Rinse out the beaker and pour the rinse into the Boucher funnel. (Filtrate, solution that goes through the filter, should be clear) Empty the filtrate ND rinse the filter flask with denizen water (while the precipitate is still in the Boucher Funnel) Replace the funnel over the cleaned filter flask. VIII. Carefully add 6 drops of Sulfuric Acid, HOSES(aqua), and gently stir the Bunker Funnel until the precipitate is completed reacted away. Then wash the filter paper with a small amount of denizen water. Remove the Boucher Funnel and pour the filtrate into a clean 250 ml beaker. Record your observations of copper (II) sulfate, Cuscus. IX. Add a spatula tip quantity of zinc powder to the filtrate in the 250 ml beaker under the fume hood. Do not inhale the fumes) Add zinc powder until the solution turns clear. Reaction is complete, takes 8-10 minis) Record your observations of copper metal. X. Add a few drops of ammonium hydroxide, NH, to a small test tube. Place a drop of the solution from the previous step into the test tube using a plastic dropper. If you see a deep blue color add more zinc powder until there is no change in color of the solution in the test tube. XSL. Inside the fume hood, add a good amount of Hydrochloric Acid, HCI(aqua), to the solution in the 250 ml beaker to remove excess zinc. (accelerate reaction by eating if the reaction appears slow) XII. Take the 250 ml beaker to your lab bench. Set up a gravity filtration with a plastic funnel, folded wet filter paper, and an Erlenmeyer flask. Pour the content in the 250 ml beaker slowly through the filter paper. Wash the filter paper with denizen water. Dispose of the filtrate in the proper labeled waste container. XIII. Carefully remove the copper metal from the filter paper onto the watch glass. (with a spatula) Place a 400 ml beaker on a hot plate contained with water. Carefully place the watch glass before the water boils to dry the copper metal. Use the tongs to handle the hot watch glass) XIV. Record your observations of the dried, cooled copper metal and weigh the recovered copper. Data Collection and Observations: started with elemental copper metal and then reactions occur step by step as follows: I Experimental stage | 1. Copper metal (penny) at the start brownish, copper-colored, fine solid. Observations I Tarnished, worn out, 1 12. Recovered, wet copper metal after reaction with nitric I Light brown to greenish blue, liquid, worn out, disconsolation. I nitrate, I I acid, HON..(aqua) 1 13. Rope of Sodium Hydroxide, Noah, into copper-containing I Greenish- blue crystals forming, misty, cloudy, liquid. I I solution (Cue(NON)2) I hydroxide, 1 14. Dehydration of by heating and stirring the solution I Dark black, thin, tint of gray, liquid, black spots/dots, milky. I I until chemical reaction has occurred. I I(copper (II) oxide, Quo) 1 15. 6 drops of Sulfuric Acid, HOSES, onto the Quo precipitate. I Cell-shape in the middle , liquid-form, fizzy, bubbly, expanding, turns I I (copper(al) sulfate, Cuscus) 1 16. Small amount of zinc powder added to Cuscus I clear. I Light brown, hint, fine solid, copper- colored metal) I I (recovered, wet copper 17. Copper metal filtered and dry over a boiling water bath I Fine solid, bright, shiny, light brown, disconsolation I(dried, cooled copper metal) Chemical Reactions: cue(s) + EH+(aqua) + NEON- Cue+(aqua) + NEON(g) + 21-420 (l) Cue+(aqua) + EH-(aqua) + HEAT CLIO(s) + H2O(l) cue(s) + EH+(aqua) Cue+(aqua) + H2O(l) Cue+(aqua) + Zen(s) -> Cue(s) + Zen+(aqua) Zen(S) + EH+ Zen+(aqua) + HOC) Mass of Copper before and after the Copper Cycle I Mass of penny before any reaction grams with HON..(aqua) 12. 49 grams previous masses) | . 4 grams the completion of the copper cycle 100% Results and Discussions: | 2. 53 I Mass of penny after reaction I I Mass of copper used I (difference between the two I I Mass of copper recovered at I I Percentage of copper recovered After placing the penny into the small beaker of nitric acid, the copper in the penny reacted the acid, became copper (II) nitrate (Cue(NON)2). Then, af ter exposing of what is left of the penny and pouring the nitrate acid into a beaker, added sodium hydroxide to the solution, forming greenish-blue crystals which were copper (II) hydroxide (Couch). After a few minutes of adding heat to the proper (II) hydroxide mixture, the copper turned black which indicated that a chemical reaction has occurred called copper (II) oxide (Quo). Then, I filtered the Quo precipitate, rinsed out the beaker, and poured it into a Boucher funnel. I added sulfuric acid onto the Quo precipitate, forming cell-like structures and fizzing motions which were copper (II) sulfate (CUSCUS). After, I detached the Boucher funnel and poured the filtrate into a clean beaker and then added small amounts of zinc powder, which formed into a fine, light brown solid (recovered, wet copper metal). In order to test the completion of the recovery of the copper, placed a few drops of ammonium hydroxide (NH) into a small test tube, added a drop of the recovered, wet copper metal from the previous step, and added more zinc powder until the test tube had no change in color or the test was negative. I then removed the excess zinc by adding adequate amounts of hydrochloric acid (HCI). Next, I used a gravity filtration to filter the recovered copper and dried it with a boiling water bath. Lastly, I observed the dry copper metal, which was bright, shiny, discovered, and a fine solid, and weighed it.

Free Essays on National Mandatory Death Penalty

Mandatory National Death Penalty  · You should receive the mandatory death penalty for the committing the following crimes: Murder, brutal rape, treason, high treason, and terrorism. Court process  · You will be tried in the city and State that the crime was committed in, if there is no local, federal or state courts with in the city that the crime was committed in; then you will be moved to the nearest city that has the court. Appeal process  · You have two years to make your appeals. If in the two years you are found not guilty then your sentenced will be relinquished, if you are still found guilty then your death sentence will be moved up for your execution as soon as possible or at the end of the two years your appeals have not gone through then you are still executed.  · You may go through a higher court system if the time permits. Prior to execution  · Two days prior to your execution your lawyer (if you do not have one, one will be appointed to you) and yourself will create a will or last testimony.  · One day prior to your execution family and friends are no longer allowed make visitations, however you are allowed to make contact through the telephone.  · On your execution date you are allowed visitations from your family and friends as well as the preacher. After the execution  · The body will be taken out of the execution room and the family may then pay their last respects.  · All left over funds will then be given to the person stated in the will written the previous day. I come before you today to pose the question of a Mandatory National Death Penalty. What this means is in every state if you commit any of the following crimes you will automatically receive the death sentence. These crimes include murder, terrorism, high treason, treason or brutal rape. Now some of you may feel that the states are giving up their rights. Maybe they are, however if you look at it from th... Free Essays on National Mandatory Death Penalty Free Essays on National Mandatory Death Penalty Mandatory National Death Penalty  · You should receive the mandatory death penalty for the committing the following crimes: Murder, brutal rape, treason, high treason, and terrorism. Court process  · You will be tried in the city and State that the crime was committed in, if there is no local, federal or state courts with in the city that the crime was committed in; then you will be moved to the nearest city that has the court. Appeal process  · You have two years to make your appeals. If in the two years you are found not guilty then your sentenced will be relinquished, if you are still found guilty then your death sentence will be moved up for your execution as soon as possible or at the end of the two years your appeals have not gone through then you are still executed.  · You may go through a higher court system if the time permits. Prior to execution  · Two days prior to your execution your lawyer (if you do not have one, one will be appointed to you) and yourself will create a will or last testimony.  · One day prior to your execution family and friends are no longer allowed make visitations, however you are allowed to make contact through the telephone.  · On your execution date you are allowed visitations from your family and friends as well as the preacher. After the execution  · The body will be taken out of the execution room and the family may then pay their last respects.  · All left over funds will then be given to the person stated in the will written the previous day. I come before you today to pose the question of a Mandatory National Death Penalty. What this means is in every state if you commit any of the following crimes you will automatically receive the death sentence. These crimes include murder, terrorism, high treason, treason or brutal rape. Now some of you may feel that the states are giving up their rights. Maybe they are, however if you look at it from th...

Idea of Freedom and to be American in Bradford's, Franklin's, and Essay

Idea of Freedom and to be American in Bradford's, Franklin's, and Crevecoeur's Writings - Essay Example Bradford had narrated the happenings upon the immigration of the Puritans into the Plymouth Plantation through this writing. Bradford, along with the Pilgrims, left England to experience religious freedom in America. It was the freedom of religion that brought the Pilgrims to Plymouth Plantation, and William Bradford was one of the Pilgrims, who boarded the Mayflower to experience that freedom. He left his country and led a European Settlement in America, for it was the only place, back then, where his religious freedom will not be deprived. Despite the imminent risks, Bradford, together with other Pilgrims, fled to America with no assurance of safety, only to experience religious freedom, a freedom that they ought to gain under the rules of the Mayflower Compact. As stated in his manuscript, â€Å"one small candle may light a thousand, so the light here kindled shall shine unto many† (Bradford). In the â€Å"The Autobiography† of Benjamin Franklin, a different type of freedom was emphasized, which supports the individual freedom of business and the economy in America. Franklin was dubbed as the first authentic American for he was firm in his stand to uphold colonial unity. His establishment of the Junto intended to demonstrate how the improvement of the American society can be achieved through business and economic freedom. In the above passage, he refers to the benefits of education that libraries have provided the citizens of the country. He has further added that libraries have somehow contributed to the response of the citizens in various colonies, especially in defending their privileges (Franklin). Tradesmen and farmers need access to these libraries for them to make appropriate decisions for their business. By that time, they make their own business successful and eventually contribute to the growth of the economy. This gives the liberty to help America progress and become an authentic American. Hector St. John

Kellogg's Nutri-Grain Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Kellogg's Nutri-Grain - Coursework Example To maintain the cash flow target, the company should maintain their minimum monthly closing balance. To maintain the brand position in the market, the company can increase their profitability by minimum 3% or the company may increase their shareholders returns by 15%. Moreover, increased use of social media and online platform can be extremely beneficial for the company to increase preference of the distinct offerings of Nutri-Grain. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 2 Marketing Environment 6 PESTEL Analysis 9 Market Analysis and Current Market Situation of Kellogg’s 11 SWOT Analysis of Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain 11 Marketing Objectives 13 Marketing Strategy 15 The Actual Marketing Programs 18 Market Control Mechanism 18 References 19 Research and Planning Will Keith Kellogg and Dr. John Harvey Kellogg were the co-inventor of Kellogg Company. Over a period of more than 100 years of successful existence amid the global consumer market has been accomplished by Kellogg Comp any with its continuous focus on rendering an assortment of products that fulfil different health oriented needs of consumers. The company offers a variety of convenience foods such as cereals, cereal bars, cookies, crackers, fruit-flavoured snacks, toaster pastries, frozen waffles along with vegetarian foods. The organisation was established in the year 1906. The current market situation of Kellogg’s has witnessed a considerable extent of upsurge in terms of the company’s market share and profitability as compared to other convenience food companies. Within the current market environment, the leading brands of Kellogg’s include Cornflakes, Special K, Rice Krispies and Nuri-Grain. The main purpose of Kellogg’s Company is â€Å"to nourishing the families so that they can flourish and drive† (The Times, 100, 2013). The prime market customers of these leading brands under Kellogg’s include health conscious people, regular office-goers, young an d growing male as well as female section of the society. Among these leading offerings, Nutri-Grain is a one type of breakfast cereal along with breakfast bar offering of Kellogg Company. The breakfast cereal product of Nutri-Grain is made up of wheat, corn along with oats. The consumers in the regions such as Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, South Africa and Canada among others are quite fond of the Nutri-Grain offerings. There is a variety of offerings beneath Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain product such as Kellogg’s Nutri Grain Fruit Crunch, Kellogg’s Cereal Bars, Kellogg’s Nutri Grain Cereal Bars, Kellogg’s Fruit-Fusion with Antioxidants, Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain Soft Bakes among others. Now-a-days, with an increased level of health consciousness amid most of the families on a global basis, they have increasingly becoming fond of starting their day started with Kellogg’s products. In this regard, Nutri- Grain has several nutri tional components that carry healthy benefits to a human body (Kellogg NA Co, 2013). With these considerations, the main objective of the study is to prepare a marketing plan for Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain based on the findings associated with the current market scenario of Kellogg’s. This study also describes a succinct SWOT analysis of Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain product. With respect to the SWOT analysis, a precise set of marketing objectives is enumerated to ascertain that Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain attains greater profitability in the future. Marketing

Critically analyse how the government debt problems initially faced by Essay

Critically analyse how the government debt problems initially faced by a few relatively small economies could trigger such a wid - Essay Example The issues referring to the economies affected by the crisis shall also be discussed in this paper in order to establish the impact of sovereign debt to the euro financial crisis. This paper is being carried out in order to establish an academic and analytical discussion of the European crisis, linking its causes with its eventual impact on a larger economic region. Body The European crisis significantly impacted on the European financial market. Various elements colluded in order to cause the European crisis, with the crisis more or less unfolding in smaller economies, including Greece, Portugal, and Ireland. The money market was significantly affected by the deterioration in market conditions which started in 2007 (European Central Bank, 2012). The interbank markets are usually subjected to counterparty risk. The collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008 led to lower confidence in the market, which then caused issues in financial integration (European Central Bank, 2012). Such event trig gered the increase in cross-country dispersion in overnight rates, as well as lower interbank market activity. Although measures to address market tension were implemented by the European Central Bank, the tension re-emerged in 2010 due to pressures in euro government bond markets (European Central Bank, 2012). More remedies were implemented by the ECB which helped improve the money market in the euro area. However, in 2011, more pressures on the euro sovereign bonds caused issues in market integration. Such deterioration also became apparent in the secured financial market. In 2011, the ECB once again introduced remedies to ensure liquidity support for financial institutions (European Central Bank, 2012). Price-based remedies implied deterioration in the integration of the money market, specifically for short maturities. Integration gains which were expected after the bailouts were reversed by the crisis. With longer maturities, the measures of integration seemed to be stable; howe ver in 2011, these measures actually indicated deterioration (Dadush, et.al., 2010). The sovereign bond markets went through significant tension in 2011. During the onset of the financial crisis in 2010, only three smaller countries were severely affected; however, in 2011, the larger countries were soon affected, especially in terms of their bond yields (European Central Bank, 2012). Moreover, market declines in sovereign yields could not be reached with the implementation of fiscal adjustments, as in the case of Ireland. Improvements in the sovereign bond market were evaluated based on simultaneous movements in yields. Europe for the past 2-3 years has been faced with a very serious crisis (European Commission, 2010). The bond market has already been closing to the euro-area countries, and for those who are still open, they are charging high rates of interest for any loans or investments. The increase in bond yields is based on the fact that where investors view more significant r isks associated with their investments in a country’s bonds, they would also likely need higher returns in compensation for such risks (European Commission, 2009). An unfavourable cycle often ensues from this situation as the demand for higher yields would lead to higher costs in borrowing for the country. This causes financial issues

Is Sugar Addiction a Substance Use Disorder?

Is Sugar Addiction a Substance Use Disorder? An Examination of Sugar Addiction as a Substance Use Disorder Abstract In the last decade, many studies have supported the addictive nature of sugar. In this examination of sugar addiction, we explore the parallels with substance abuse disorder and highlight the effects on the brain and body as well as the psychological and biological risk factors that may make an individual vulnerable to sugar addiction. We theorize that defining sugar addiction as a substance abuse disorder in a future version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) will change policy to improve public health, and minimize the costs of metabolic disorders like diabetes, obesity, and heart disease on the economy. Keywords: sugar addiction, substance use disorder, dopamine, impulsivity, obesity Worldwide obesity rates are rapidly rising. In 2016, an estimated 30% of Americans over the age of 18, and almost 20% of young adults were overweight or obese, as defined by a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016); and they are projected to increase to 80% by 2023 (Wang, Beydoun, Liang, Caballero, & Kumanyika, 2008). Between 29% and 47% of obese individuals meet the criteria for binge eating disorders (BED) (McCuen-Wurst, Ruggieri, & Allison, 2017). However, we suggest in this review of the literature that the food addiction model is a more appropriate mechanism when looking at correlates and causes of the development of eating disorders and metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesity. The DSM-5 criteria for BED is limited in that it focuses largely on behavior, distress and shame caused by the eating disorder, and lacks acknowledgment of the neurobiological vulnerabilities and effects (American Psychiatric Association, 2013a). Alternatively, the food addiction model proposes that food, especially highly palatable, processed foods that are high in sugar, fat and/or salt are addictive (Davis & Carter, 2014), and therefore may be the underlying cause of BED and metabolic disorders, including obesity. For this examination, we mainly focus on the addictive nature of sugar, as the majority of food addiction studies have shown that sugar intake is more addictive than fat or salt, and highlight the numerous biological and psychological parallels to substance (Avena, Bocarsly, Rada, Kim, & Hoebel, 2008; Avena, Rada, & Hoebel, 2008; Davis, Loxton, Levitan, Kaplan, Carter, & Kennedy, 2013; Hoebel, Avena, Bocarsly, & Rada, 2009; Hone-Blanchet & Fecteau, 2014; Ifland, Preuss, Marcus, Rourke, Taylor, Burau, Jacobs, Kadish, & Manso, 2009; Page & Melrose, 2016; Tran & Westbrook, 2017; Wong, Dogra, & Reichelt, 2017). It is well known that addictive drugs activate the dopaminergic reward pathway. The mesocorticolimbic pathway, which includes the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the frontal cortex, is especially implicated in the reinforcement of the use of these substances. These areas release high levels of dopamine, which produce a euphoric state, and help form â€Å"liking† motivations and positive associations toward the addictive substances. However, as the drug is repeatedly consumed, tolerance builds in the body, and â€Å"liking† becomes â€Å"wanting,† resulting in reduced pleasure, and physiological dependence that necessitates increased consumption (Reeve, 2015). Food addiction studies have shown that while a variety of foods lead to the release of dopamine, sugar activates the dopaminergic pathway in a way that mirrors addictive substances, and leads to bingeing, tolerance, cravings, dependence, and subsequent withdrawal symptoms when deprived (American Psychiatric Association, 2013b; Avena et al., 2008; Davis & Carter, 2014; Davis et al., 2013). As sugar is over-consumed, tolerance grows and bingeing with increased amounts of sugar are needed to obtain the same pleasurable effect. This is suggested to be due to the down-regulation of dopamine receptors (Avena et al., 2008; Davis, Patte, Levitan, Reid, Tweed, & Curtis, 2007; Hoebel et al., 2009; Ifland et al., 2009, Loxton & Tipman, 2017). Thereafter, â€Å"wanting† or cravings are suggested to be due to the imbalance of hormone signals that results in high anticipation and high sensitivity to sugar when it is consumed. In a study conducted by Lindqvist, Baelemans, and Erlanson-Albertsson (2008), rats that were given a sugar solution showed a 40% increase in ghrelin, the hormone that triggers appetite; in contrast to a significant decrease in leptin and peptide YY, two hunger-suppressing hormones; and a significant down-regulation in mRNA expression of additional hunger-suppressing peptides. This imbalance of appetite hormones and gene expression were hypothesized to have resulted in bingeing and tolerance, as demonstrated by a doubling of the drink consumption compared to control-group rats given water. Lastly, animal studies on sugar addiction have shown that sugar withdrawal mimics opioid withdrawal, and presents with depression and anxiety when deprivation of sugar occurs (Avena et al., 2008; Avena, Rada, & Hoebel, 2008; Hoebel et al., 2009; Hone-Blanchet & Fecteau, 2014; Ifland et al., 2009). The numerous studies in sugar addiction that overlap with the different stages of substance use disorders provide strong biological support for sugar addiction to be classified as a substance use disorder. Further adding to the biological susceptibility of sugar addiction, Davis et al. (2013) found enhanced dopamine transmission was due to six genetic mutations linked to the dopamine reward pathway; and that association between increased dopamine signaling and multilocus genetic profile scores was significantly higher in participants with high reward sensitivity and high risk for food addiction. These neurological changes and genetic vulnerabilities support tolerance and dependence that may result from a frequent flooding of dopamine and a reduction of receptors as seen in substance use disorders. Likewise, psychological traits like impulsivity and poor emotional regulation, have been found in both substance use disorders and sugar addiction. Impulsivity, as it relates to immediate gratification and deficits in behavioral inhibition, was positively correlated with sugar addiction. However, sensation-seeking, as an impulsive personality trait, was negatively associated with sugar addiction, and theorized to be due to the lack of arousal and stimulation from eating food; â€Å"those who are risk seeking and reward-driven might seek out experiences involving greater levels of arousal and stimulation (Pivarunas & Connor, 2015; VanderBroek-Stice, Stojek, Beach, vanDellen, & MacKillop, 2017). Poor emotional regulation and low distress tolerance were also positively associated with sugar addiction, and the consumption of sugar was hypothesized to activate the pleasure center countering the negative emotional state and further reinforcing the reward of sugar intake behavior (Kozak & Fought, 2011; Pivarunas & Connor, 2015). Equally important in the comparison between sugar addiction and substance use disorders are the detrimental effects on the brain and body’s functions, such as cognitive impairment and metabolic disorders. Reversible cognitive impairments in decision-making, motivation, spatial or place-recognition memory were recently identified in studies with rats (Tran & Westbrook, 2017; Wong, Dogra, & Reichelt, 2017). However, in a study conducted by Page and Melrose (2016), high levels of circulating sugar and insulin levels dulled food cues, reducing hypothalamic activity, and negatively affecting neural food processing, which over time increased the risk for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. A separate study found that the overconsumption of sugar increased levels of free fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood (Lindqvist, Baelemans, & Erlanson-Albertsson, 2008), which are confirmed risk factors for developing in heart disease and strokes in humans (National Institute of Health, 2005; American Heart Association, 2017). The relationship between sugar addiction’s detrimental effects and long-term illness are apparent in the literature, and is analogous to the relationship between substance use and disease. Current treatment options for food or sugar addiction are limited to exercise, which addresses biological pathways; and mindfulness, which emphasizes psychological processes. Exercise serves as a protective treatment against metabolic disorders and food addiction via increases in brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), a neurotransmitter that plays a major role in neuroplasticity, and in the regulation of food intake, physical activity, and glucose metabolism (Codella, Terruzzi, & Luzi, 2017). Whereas, mindfulness addresses the dual process model of health behavior, which states that there are interactive automatic (implicit) and controlled (explicit) psychological processes that result in addictive behavior. Implicit, automatic processes include intentions, approach and avoidance tendencies, and emotions, meanwhile explicit, controlled processes include reflective action (Hagger, Trost, Keech, Chan, & Hamilton, 2017; Tang, Posner, Rothbart, & Volkow, 2015). In 2017, Kakoschke, Kemps, & Tiggemann showed that a two-pronged approach-modification protocol successfully retrained participants to avoid unhealthy food by 1) reducing the approach bias toward unhealthy food, and 2) increasing the approach bias toward healthy food. Another study showed a high approach tendency for healthy food buffered against the stress of hunger and wanting for unhealthy food (Cheval, Audrin, Sarrazin, & Pelletier, 2017). Mindfulness was also found to regulate emotional reactivity to internal and external cues (Fisher, Mead, Lattimore, Malinowski, 2017). Unfortunately, available treatment options have low generalizable, replicable success as they fail to provide a streamlined approach to sugar addiction and/or address neurobiological vulnerabilities and negative effects. Neither sugar nor food addiction is currently defined in the DSM-5. The only consistent measure of food addiction is the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), a survey developed in 2009, and it is used in studies reliably as its questions are based on DSM-IV addiction criteria (Gearhardt, Corbin, Brownell, 2009; Gearhardt, Corbin, Brownell, 2016). As mentioned earlier, food addiction and BED are not reciprocal disorders, therefore acknowledging sugar addiction as a substance use disorder in a future DSM may increase evidence-based research that strongly implicates genetic and brain pathways, which may lead to early prevention, reduced stigmatization and diverse treatment options that address the psychological as well as neurobiological vulnerabilities through medication, and even gene therapy. Further research and government regulation can also limit the pseudo-science funded by sugar and packaged goods companies. For example, in reviewing the literature, two studies were found that denied sugar and its addictive properties (Benton, 2010; Markus, Rogers, Brouns, & Schepers, 2017); they were funded by Coca-Cola and the World Sugar Research Organization. Similar to the studies conducted by the tobacco industry, the information countering sugar addiction can be confusing and deceptive to consumers. Government regulation of the sugar industry, like the tobacco industry can result in a decrease of sugar addiction and its harmful health effects. Lastly, there is also a large benefit to public health and the economic costs in treating sugar addiction like a substance use disorder. The costs to treat diabetes, a disease directly related to increased blood sugar levels and insulin resistance was $245 billion in 2012 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). These costs do not include comorbid diseases like obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Obesity alone is projected to cost upwards of $957 billion by 2030 (Wang et al., 2008). Therefore, prevention of these life-long metabolic disorders by addressing the addictive properties of sugar can potentially reduce the burden on global health and economic systems in a great way. References American Heart Association. (2017). Prevention and Treatment of High Cholesterol (Hyperlipidemia). Retrieved from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/PreventionTreatmentofHighCholesterol/Prevention-and-Treatment-of-High-Cholesterol-Hyperlipidemia_UCM_001215_Article.jsp#.WhoJdNy1uUl American Psychiatric Association. (2013a). Feeding and Eating Disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm10 American Psychiatric Association. (2013b). Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm16 Avena, N. M., Bocarsly, M. E., Rada, P., Kim, A., & Hoebel, B. G. (2008). After daily bingeing on a sucrose solution, food deprivation induces anxiety and accumbens dopamine/acetylcholine imbalance. Physiology & Behavior, 94, 309-315. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.01.008 Avena, N. M., Rada, P., & Hoebel, B. G. (2008). Evidence for sugar addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 20-39. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.019 Benton, D. (2010). The plausibility of sugar addiction and its role in obesity and eating disorders. Clinical Nutrition, 29, 288-303. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.12.001 Cheval, B., Audrin, C., Sarrazin, P., & Pelletier, L. (2017). When hunger does (or doesn’t) increase unhealthy and healthy food consumption through food wanting: The distinctive role of impulsive approach tendencies toward healthy food. Appetite, 116, 99-107. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.028 Codella, R., Terruzzi, I., & Luzi, L. (2017). Sugars, exercise and health. Journal of Affective Disorders, 224, 76-86. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.035 Davis, C., & Carter, J. C. (2014). If certain foods are addictive, how might this change the treatment of compulsive overeating and obesity? Current Addiction Reports, 1, 89-95. doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0013-z Davis, C., Loxton, N. J., Levitan, R. D., Kaplan, A. S., Carter, J. C., & Kennedy, J. L. (2013). ‘Food addiction’ and its association with a dopaminergic multilocus genetic profile. Physiology & Behavior, 118, 63-69. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.014 Fisher, N. R., Mead, B. R., Lattimore, P., & Malinowski, P. (2017). Dispositional mindfulness and reward motivated eating: The role of emotion regulation and mental habit. Appetite, 118, 41-48. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.07.019 Gearhardt, A. N., Corbin, W. R., & Brownell, K. D. (2009). Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite, 52, 430-436. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.12.003 Gearhardt, A. N., Corbin, W. R., & Brownell, K. D. (2016). Development of the Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30, 113-121. doi:10.1037/adb0000136 Hagger, M. S., Trost, N., Keech, J. J., Chan, D. K. C., & Hamilton, K. (2017). Predicting sugar consumption: Application of an integrated dual-process, dual-phase model. Appetite, 116, 147-156. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.032 Hoebel, B. G., Avena, N. M., Bocarsly, M. E., & Rada, P. (2009). A behavioral and circuit model based on sugar addiction in rats. Journal of Addiction Medicine, (3)1, 33-41. doi:10.1097/ADM.0b013e31819aa621 Hone-Blanchet, A., & Fecteau, S. (2014). Overlap of food addiction and substance use disorders definitions: Analysis of animal and human studies. Neuropharmacology, 85, 81-90. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.05.019 Ifland, J. R., Preuss, H. G., Marcus, M. T., Rourke, K. M., Taylor, W. C., Burau, K., Jacobs, W. S., Kadish, W., & Manso, G. (2008). Refined food addiction: A classic substance use disorder. Medical Hypotheses, 72, 518-526. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.11.035 Kakoschke, N., Kemps, N., & Tiggemann, M. (2017). Impulsivity moderates the effect of approach bias modification on healthy food consumption. Appetite, 117, 117-125. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.06.019 Kozak, A. T., & Fought, A. (2011). Beyond alcohol and drug addiction. Does the negative trait of low distress tolerance have an association with overeating? Appetite, 57, 578-581. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.07.008 Lindqvist, A., Baelemans, A., & Erlanson-Albertsson, C. (2008). Effects of sucrose, glucose and fructose on peripheral and central appetite signals. Regulatory Peptides, 150, 26-32. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2008.06.008 Markus, C. R., Rogers, P. J., Brouns, F., & Schepers, R. (2017). Eating dependence and weight gain; no human evidence for a ‘sugar-addiction’ model of overweight. Appetite, 114, 64-72. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.024 McCuen-Wurst, C., Ruggieri, M., & Allison, K. C. (2017). Disordered eating and obesity: Associations between binge-eating disorder, night-eating syndrome, and weight-related comorbities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1-10. doi:10.1111/nyas.13467 Page, K. A., & Melrose, A. J. (2016). Brain, hormone and appetite responses to glucose versus fructose. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 9, 111-117. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.03.002 Pivarunas, B., & Conner, B. T. (2015). Impulsivity and emotion dysregulation as predictors of food addiction. Eating Behaviors, 19, 9-14. doi:10.1016.j.eatbeh.2015.06.007 Reeve, J. M. (2015). The Motivated and Emotional Brain. In Understanding Motivation and Emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Tang, Y., Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., & Volkow, N. D. (2015). Circuitry of self-control and its role in reduction addiction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(8), 439-444. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.06.007 Tran, D. M. D., & Westbrook, R. F. (2017). A high-fat high-sugar diet-induced impairment in place-recognition memory is reversible and training dependent. Appetite, 110, 61-71. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.010 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2017: Estimates of Diabetes and its Burden in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System: Percent of adults aged 18 and older who have obesity. Retrieved from https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/Nutrition-Physical-Activity-and-Obesity/Percent-of-adults-aged-18-and-older-who-have-obesi/cwdv-83mi U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2005). High blood cholesterol: What you need to know. (NIH Publication No. 05-3290). Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/resources/heart/heart-cholesterol-hbc-what-html VanderBroek-Stice, L., Stojek, M. K., Beach, S. R. H., vanDellen, M. R., & MacKillop, J. (2017). Multidimensional assessment of impulsivity in relation to obesity and food addiction. Appetite, 112, 59-68. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.01.009 Wang, Y., Beydoun, M. A., Liang, L., Caballero, B., & Kumanyika, S. K. (2008). Will all Americans become overweight or obese? Estimating the progression and cost of the U.S. obesity epidemic. Obesity, 15(10), 2323-2330. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.351 Wong, A., Dogra, V. R., & Reichelt, A. C. (2017). High-sucrose diets in male rats disrupt aspects of decision-making tasks, motivation and spatial memory, but not impulsivity measured by operant delay-discounting. Behavioural Brain Research, 327, 144-154. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.029

Drugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years Essay -- Influence Teenagers

Drugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years The years of adolescence are a very important time for both young girls and boys to make decisions that will essentially have the power to shape their lives. In life there are conflicts to be overcome from both the â€Å"evil† social world and also a young girl’s vulnerability can cause problems. Both have a huge impact on decisions she will make. Drugs and alcohol are both issues that almost any young person in today’s society is going to come into contact with. Then there is the issues of making decisions about how these substances will affect their life. It is interesting to study and compare the drug use among different ethnic groups as well as how the culture that one is brought up in has a big part in how they will respond to the same issues. This leads right into my paper topic which is girls growing up on the border. This is a completely different lifestyle as well as upbringing for these girls that are living so close to the Mexico. Drugs and alcohol are everywhere and are most likely intertwined into each of our lives in some way. For this reason it is apparent how likely it is that adolescents are exposed to these substances very often if not daily. Recent surveys that have been done, in particular the Ontario Health Survey, 1990, shows that initiation to drugs begins as early as 12 years old in an adolescents life. Twelve years old is considered the risk period for alcohol and tobacco and this phase does not end until about age 22. A sample of 4,364 people from this same study was on people from the ages of 15 to 35. Results showed that the major risk age for initiating with either alcohol, marijuana, or tobacco is over by age 22. Once again it is sh... ... are white or Mexican and live on the border or not. Works Cited: Leverton, Kate. Personal Interview. 25 March 1999. Phipher, Mary. Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls. New York, NY. G.P. Putnam Sons, 1994. DeWitt, David J; Offord David R. "Patterns of Onset and Cessation of Drug Use Over the Early Part of the Life Course." Young Adults-Drug Use- Ontario-Drug Abuse-Ontario -Drinking Alcohol icges-Ontario. Vol.24, pg. 746, 13p. Holck Susan E., M.D., Warren Charles W. Ph.D, Smith Jack M.S., Rochat Roger M.D., "Alcohol Consumption Among Mexican American and Anglo Women; Results of a Survey Along the U.S.- Mexican Border." Vol. 45: Pg. 149-154, 1984. Dassori Abana M., Neff James A., Hoppe K, Sue. "Ethnic and Gender Differences in the Diagnostic Profiles of Substance Abusers." Vol 15, Aug. 1993, pgs. 382-390.

Project life cycle Essay

Projects are the way through which work gets done. Whether big, small, simple or complex, projects possess various common characteristics. Firstly, they have a start and an end. They do not run to infinity. Secondly, they are all unique. They may resemble other earlier projects but they are unique in various variables. These variables include their environment, period and resources. Thirdly, they lead to the creating deliverables. Finally, they all have resources assigned to them. The resources may either be part-time, full-time or a combination of the two. Projects are undertaken by all organisations. Their management can be done using a common range of project management procedures. Similar project management procedures can be used irrespective of the project being undertaken. Projects must have a definition and a plan. They should also have procedures for management of risks, quality, status and scope. Despite projects being unique, common lifecycle models are applied in building the deliverables. But most importantly, scalable and common project management processes are applied effectively on all projects. Regardless of whether one is managing a small or large project, various leadership styles are used. It is very important to understand these styles and their effect in order to become a better and more flexible leader. The most common styles are autocratic, bureaucratic, democratic Laissez-faire and people oriented types of leadership. Others include servant, task-oriented, transactional and transformational. In a project environment, one requires flexibility in these leadership styles since the various phases have got their specific demands that may be different from the other phases. General leadership styles and skills Project managers must show two leadership styles: transformational and transactional. He should give guidance to the team by identifying their role and responsibility in the project. He should give inspiration to them in order to finish the project’s tasks. It has been established that people with outstanding leadership skills turn out to be good in management of projects too. This is because they are visionary, motivating and can bring people together. Above all, they have great accomplishments (Bryman, 1986). Project managers must be competent in the project’s technology and generally how to manage a business entity. This will lead to mutual respect and confidence between him and the other members of the team and administration. Management skills as well as business management competence are essential. The project manager must use sound management skills consistent with the organisation’s management style. The project manager must be alert, quick, a good listener, versatile and above all very flexible. He should be able to adjust any current plan to a better one. Being flexible means having a tough willingness in changing plans to acknowledge current realities for the sake of the project’s successful completion. The project manager must be of good ethics and full of energy. He should adjust to working for over forty hours per week. He should also be always available to the various people involved and interact with them. A good project manager must always be interested in details and possess great optimism with a strong belief that it can be done. He should not assume anything he is not sure of. He should always speak his mind and mean it. In addition, he should regard others as allies and not foes. Respect for other people and acknowledgement of good performance is important. He must always see the bigger picture and keep that perspective. Moreover, he should be interested in knowing why things have to be one in a certain way and not the other. Above all, a good project manager must be both a manager and a leader for a project to be completed successfully (Glanz, 2002). A good project manager must also be a good problem solver. He should be able to handle a situation where he is presented with tough choices to make. Problem solving will involve recognition of the problem and acknowledging that endeavouring to solve the problem is worthwhile. This has to be done with a positive attitude. The next step is defining the problem and clearly understanding it. The third step involves generating alternative solutions for the problem. Finally, one must narrow down the alternatives after a thorough examination of each of them, and then decide (Heerkens, 2001). The project manager must foster teamwork among the members. The most important resource in a project is the team. It is about the people one works with. This team can comprise members from various different departments of the organisation or just one department. The recommended project team comprises members drawn from different organisations. The team has the following responsibilities: To understand the work to be accomplished Planning of the activities in detail if need be Completion of the work assigned within the timeframe, budget, and the desired quality Informing the manager about scope changes, risk, issues and quality concerns Proactive communication of status and management of expectations. A team is formed by people who understand their role. They are led by a project manager who is interested in the success of the project. The project manager is vital. He must display a flexible approach in his leadership style (Lewis, 1995). Leadership style and skills through the phases Regardless of the complexity or scope, all projects go through various phases during their lives. There is initiation where output and essential factors of success are defined. The planning phase, whose principal characteristic involves a break down of the project into smaller manageable units. Next is the execution phase where the planned project is carried out. Finally there is exit phase marking the project completion (Visit Ask, 2004). Initiation This is the initial stage of the project where a clear definition of the project’s scope is done alongside the approach to be employed in delivering the required output. This is where the project management team is chosen basing on their experiences and skills. The project leader must be very flexible to allow a change or overhaul of the scope if need arises. His leadership style should be such that it allows contributions of all the team members for the project to run smoothly. This will make use of the various skills, experiences and talents that will go a long way in delivering a high quality output. Planning This stage involves identifying in detail all the tasks and assigning them. It also involves analyzing risk and defining a criterion for successfully completing every deliverable. This is where the definition of the governing process is done. Identification of stakeholders, period of reporting and the channels are agreed. Business Plans are used in this stage. The project manager should be able to assign tasks and responsibilities to the right people basing on their experience, skills and talents. The project leader should be flexible enough not think he is the most knowledgeable and experienced of all the team members. He should do more of coordination since he is good among equals. The governance process of the project should also avoid rigidity to allow free participation of all members of the team. In as much as it is important to adhere to the time schedule, this should not compromise the quality of the output. The team should therefore have an allowance within its stipulated completion of the various tasks. This will involve extending the time for some tasks while reducing it for others. The plans used in the project should also have contingency alternatives to be used in case of failure of the original. This should be done in consultation with other team members and stakeholders and of course the client. Execution and controlling This is where one ensures proper control and execution of project activities. During this phase, the earlier plan is implemented in solving the particulars of the project’s specifications. When developing the product and system, a design that results in a particular set of product requirements is made. Measurement of the convergence is done using prototypes, tests and a review. During the execution stage, a plan for the final testing, producing and support is made by the various groups in the organisation. Some of the tools employed during this phase include Milestones Reviews and Business Plan. This is a very sensitive area that needs proper teamwork. Models and prototypes are developed and tested. There should be flexibility to allow improvement of the prototype. Again, the skills, talents and experience of the team members should be used for the sake of a good quality project output. Closure This is the final stage of the project. The manager ensures the project is completed properly. A formal project review report is written. It involves the client officially accepting the product, comparing the client specifications with those of the product. Other contents include a reward to the team, lessons learned, release of the project’s resources and an official closing notification to the top management. Conclusion Project management is an important aspect of many organisations. It is therefore important that these projects deliver their desired results within the stipulated period of time. This calls for teamwork among the stakeholders, clients and the project team members. Most importantly, the project team needs to work together. The team leader must therefore ensure the team works together harmoniously. He should therefore adopt a flexible style in leadership to accommodate all the skills, talents and experiences of the members. This will ensure that good quality output is delivered at the end of the project.

6 Essential Tips to Memorize to Save on Advanced Presentation Skills Training

6 Essential Tips to Memorize to Save on Advanced Presentation Skills Training 6 Essential Tips to Memorize to Save on Advanced Presentation Skills Training When you are tasked with creating a presentation for a class, having advanced presentation skills training can help you impress your audience and make your performance mind-blowing. There are tons of courses online that offer such training, but some of them are ineffective or expensive. It is for this reason that learning these tips are a much better investment as far as improving your skill-set is concerned: Give Slides with Just One or Two Bullets to Summarize Your Content This is important. When you are creating your slide, add one or two words which function as a roadmap to the presentation. This is essential for the audience and for you. You can prepare yourself by making sure you have just a few keywords which remind you of all the sections to cover, and the order of stating your info. Divide Your Information into 3 Main Points Again, it is very crucial to follow this tip. You don’t want to be overloaded nor do you want your audience to be over informed. By separating the slides and the notes into three main points, you can cover your presentation just as easily as you would write a 5 paragraph essay. You will stay on point, and so will your audience. Edit for Clarity You want to only have the keywords you need in your presentation. This means you will likely condense or edit for clarity on more than one occasion. You will benefit from making a list of the words and phrases your audience need to pay special attention to and try to articulate that list from memory. Have the ability to take self-assessments, even those created by yourself: they help to memorize the information you need to deliver without using prompts and cue cards. This might include practicing on someone else before you present to your class. Find Great Images to Represent the Points You Make They say a picture is worth 1000 words and this is absolutely true for a presentation. If you can find one great photo to represent your content, you will have no issue remembering the related facts or notes when you are presenting. The photo is not just there to drive your point home, but to attract the attention of the audience and make them remember what you are talking about. Use Notes Sparingly and Keep the Audience Engaged You will want to have some notes so that you can really remember key items, but not so many that you fail to notice the fact that no one else is listening. Do what you can to rely upon the pictures and bullet points inside your slides and presentation. Ask Easy Questions of Those Paying Attention For example, if you see someone on a cell phone and you ask them a series of questions, you will come off as though you are scolding them in class. But if you regularly ask questions after each slide or two, you can avoid looking like the angry parent and still keep the audience engaged. Overall, the ability to remember, especially when you are giving a presentation is paramount. The more you can remember the better eye contact and presentation you can make. But it’s essential to keep the audience attentive as well because they need to extract something from your presentation too. That’s why you need to follow the tips listed above and make your PowerPoint presentation short, precise and bright.

Informative Essay Sample on International Criminal Court(ICC)

Informative Essay Sample on International Criminal Court(ICC) According to William A. (Introduction to the International Criminal Court, 2004), the International Criminal Court (ICC) is an independent, permanent court that tries people accused of committing serious crimes against humanity. It tries people who are accused of committing genocide or involved in war crimes. It is a court that exists not to override the responsibilities and duties of the national judicial systems but rather it acts as a last alternative to try people accused of committing serious and heinous crimes. It can also be used in hearing cases and passing enforceable judgments should it be noted that trials involving serious crimes in the member states are being handled in a lacklustre manner and fairness is not being exercised. The I.C.C was established in July 1998 in Rome by a treaty signed and ratified by 104 countries. They treaty is not universally binding but rather only those states which formally express their consent are bound by its provisions (International Criminal Court, n.d). Since its inception it has opened investigations in a number of countries in Africa: Uganda, Central African Republic, Darfur and also in Congo. Although its trials may be carried out in different countries its official headquarters are in Hague, Netherlands. It can only however, arbitrate or try crimes committed after the date its statute was incepted. The member states are committed to refraining from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of the ICC treaty (William A. 2004). The ICC does not enjoy universal jurisdiction as was the original wish. A number of countries did not want to see this happen and they heavily objected. They include China, Qatar, Libya, Israel, Iraq, Yemen and the United States. It only exercises jurisdiction where the below circumstances have occurred (Ascensio H. 2002): If the perpetrator of the crime belongs to a country which is a state party or that has accepted the ICC’s jurisdiction. If the acts were committed in a territory of a country that accepts jurisdiction. If the particular case has been referred to the ICC by the UN security counsel. The United States is against the jurisdictional powers of the ICC evidenced by its refusal to ratify the statute in 2002. The US initially under Clinton administration had participated proactively in supporting the early plans of ICC but it voted against it in Rome 1998. The reason behind this is in article 12 of the statute that confers the ICC with absolute jurisdiction when either that state on whose territory a crime was committed is a part to the treaty, or when accused person’s state of nationality is a party (international animal’s court, n.d). This statute is a threat to the United States. It is a threat to both the president of US and its military forces as it will limit their ability to engage in wars in the name of protecting global (US) interest. This is the key factor behind the bone of contention. The US will not support the ICC as long as it does not accord special treatment to its military. It fails to exclude US military from falling within the ICCs prosecution jurisdiction. There are claims also that the US fails to support the ICC due to its ambiguity and vagueness in its wording and structure and if the US was to ratify it, its inherent flaws would lead to the US changing its constitution to accommodate the ICC provisions.It wants immunity against all international laws and restrictions that would restrain its conduct in international affairs, or any provision that would allow any actions by US official to be put into question. Although there are still some amendments that should be carried out as it awaits definition of some of its laws, the response to the ICC is overwhelming and USA is more or less alone in its stand to oppose its jurisdiction. This is quite surprising regarding the Americans vocalness in defending human rights and condemning violators. Observers say that US is doing this out of fear of losing its international supremacy as every deed committed in seeking to further the US interest will not go unpunished if it ratifies the ICC statute. America is the leading superpower in the world and its support would have important in not in legitimising the courts powers but also in providing the necessary legal and financial backing needed to carry out its operations effectively.Its decision to remove itself from the treaty is a big impendiment to the achievements of ICC goals.Efforts should be made to put into consideration the American’s proposals but caution should be excised not to compromise on the key visions of the court. The customary law is the key source of the ICC laws. It emanates from general practices followed by various states in enforcing their legal obligations. These laws are codified in the Vienna convention on the law of treaties. Its laws are also sourced from general international agreements that outline how the member states conduct and obligations toward each other. If you need a custom essay, research paper, term paper, thesis, dissertation on Law or other discipline feel free to contact our professional custom writing service.

Site Survey and Final Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Site Survey and Final Project - Assignment Example The security systems inside the building are very high as the Humana Corporation has established its unit inside. All visitors don’t have to register for going inside the building but there are tight security systems inside. The Humana building is one of the distinguishable buildings in Kentucky as it has an ultramodern making of both interiors and the outer parts which makes it a distinct skyscraper from others. Every time all the visitors though are not escorted but the high profile people of the Corporation are escorted inside. Special guests are sometimes given importance and the corporation further specifies the things to be done. The employees of the corporation are issued some type of distinctive batches such that they can be recognized easily. Many people always wonder about the making of the building as it has a very attractive making strategy. There are strict instructions to the employees to wear the badges so that the company maintains its reputation. The building has the designing different from all the sides which makes it a very unique piece among other skyscrapers. There is a fence outside the building which strengthens its security. It can be termed as one of the buildings where security is given utmost importance. The fences have the system of lightings and the lighting process is used to make the building look more charming. There is no sufficient illumination to detect a person who may be going at farther distances but at shorter distances it can be possible. There is good lightening system at all the floors of the building which is a very good feature. The power supply system is very fine and especially the light power systems are being protected more so that there arises more problems. Alarms are provided which are very essential for the emergency purposes especially when there is fire in the buildings. The fire and police departments are always consulted so that they can extend more help to the corporation in case of need. The conn ections of all the fire alarms and the security systems and the lightings are always tested so that there are no problems around. The Humana building has other connections to the security systems so that whenever there is an emergency situation, the security systems get tightened and the data get more secured in the system. The CCTV cameras are there so that there is full control of the security officials over the system. They monitor the whole place continuously and provide surveillance. They also create some emergency points for exit and other plans which can be implemented during the emergency situations. They make all arrangements for the people so that they don’t face any type of difficulty in such situations. The building is also built in such a way that there is strong support which supports the building from small disasters. Some people may also do something intentional and that can also be handled. Facility characterization Physical conditions: The building is very a ttractive when it is viewed from some distant point. It is very unique in design as each side is made up of a different niche. You will notice that every side will depict great art and architecture in the architectural field. The design is like you will notice a pyramid like structure for higher parts of the building. The Humana building is also known as the milk carton and is very well known among the people for

Obesity Health Advocay Campaign Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obesity Health Advocay Campaign - Research Paper Example Despite these concerns, the rate of social expenditure in alcoholic drugs and narcotics has subsequently increased and are regarded as the major factors contributing to obesity. Due to the poor health and dietary habits of most Americans, there have been campaigns developed to stop the effect of this disease. To be an effective advocate campaigner it is important first to have clear objectives on how you wish to attain your goals. For this reason it is important to get powerful individuals who have high score chances of standing against a large opponent. It is important also to understand working under the public eye involves constant scrutiny and criticism. Provision 8.1 of ANA code of ethics requires that the nursing profession be committed in promoting health and welfare and safety of all people. Our aim is to reduce the number of people suffering from obesity from current 35.7% to less than 5% in the next 10 years. This will be done through health programs aimed at promoting good diet for the community and the public in general. This will be conducted through advertisements and home visits in areas where the cases of obesity are highly prevalent. We target schools and other institutions as we aim at providing guidance on how to end up with a healthy life. We will also get the community support by making three lists of our allies, opponents and unsure people to help us identify our target audience. Before doing this it will be necessary to acquire an IRB approval since we shall be dealing with human subjects. This research will provide hotlines to all the subjects to freely report on incompetent, unethical, illegal, or impaired practice behaviors or situations. However, during this time ethical dilemmas usually arise. One can be in a dilemma on whether to launch attacks on those who are on the opponent side or not. We shall also constantly remind our nurses that each one of them is accountable for individual practice according to the