Copper Cycle Lab Report Essay Example

Copper Cycle Lab Report Paper You do not need to fill in all space provided for the sake of doing so. 7. When asked to provide calculations, for full credit you must provide a labeled and systematic approach showing all steps and assumptions required to determine the required results. All calculations must be typed or written legibly. 8. You must submit the complete set of original copies (i. E. The white copies) of your Data/Observation sheets that were signed by your TA with your report. Any attempt to alter the original data or use a different set of data in the analyses maintained in this report is an act of academic dishonesty and will be penalized as such. Some marks will be allocated to the completeness of your data. 9. It is an act of plagiarism (will be penalized) to use any data or information obtained from the literature and/or Web sources without properly citing it. You should rewrite cited work in your own words, especially if the quotation spans more than a couple of sentences. 10. Staple together all pages relating to this report and submit it in the correct slot in the report cabinet before the submission deadline. Reports submitted into the wrong slot or late will be penalized. Official Report Form Page 1 of 5 Purpose Results Use your experimental data to determine the percent recovery of copper from Page 2 of 5 List the balanced net ionic equations for all reactions that you observed in this experiment. Use your observations to provide evidence for all successful reactions completed and products formed. Where applicable, list ions in their coordination complex form; for example, when Cue+ exists as the hexagon complex, use (aqua) in your equation. Note: The zinc action also forms a hexagon complex in aqueous solution. We will write a custom essay sample on Copper Cycle Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Copper Cycle Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Copper Cycle Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Copper Cycle Lab Report Essay Example Copper Cycle Lab Report Paper In conclusion my percent recovery of copper was 100% due to the adequate amounts of solutions and achievement of proper chemical reactions. Equipment and Materials: Copper Metal (penny) Nitric Acid (HON..)(aqua) Sodium Hydroxide (Noah)(aqua) sulfuric ACid Ammonium Hydroxide (NH)(aqua) Hydrochloric Acid (HCI)(aqua) Zinc powder 2 100 ml Beakers 250 ml Waste Beaker 400 ml Beaker Filter paper Plastic Dropper 250 ml Erlenmeyer Flask Forceps Plastic Funnel Red Litmus paper Spatula Steel Wool Glass stirring rod Small test tube Tongs Wash bottle Watch Glass Procedure: l. Weigh a pre-1982 penny (should be around 3 grams) II. Measure ml of concentrated nitric acid, HON..(aqua), into a 100 ml beaker under a fume hood. Place penny into the beaker of nitric acid and observe the reaction. After 5 seconds remove penny with forceps and place into second beaker. Ill. Add approximately ml of denizen water into second beaker to remove any remaining copper ion traces and place rinse into first beaker with nitric acid. Record your observations of the copper (II) nitrate, Cue(NON)2. Dry and weigh the penny to see how much of the copper mass was removed. IV. Pour the solution from the first beaker into a clean 250 ml beaker while inside the fume hood. We will write a custom essay sample on Copper Cycle Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Copper Cycle Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Copper Cycle Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Rinse the first beaker thoroughly and pour the rinse with the solution in the 250 ml beaker. V. Add 6 drops of Sodium Hydroxide, Noah(aqua), to the 250 ml beaker until a precipitate is formed. Test the solution with litmus paper by adding small amounts of sodium hydroxide to the solution until the solution is basic. Record your observations of copper (II) hydroxide, Cue(OH)2. VI. Place the 250 ml beaker on a hot plate and occasionally stir the mixture during heating. Heat mixture until the solution turns completely black. Additional heating will help indicate a chemical reaction has occurred. Record your observations of copper (II) oxide, CLIO. Turn off hot plate and carefully remove the beaker with the forceps. Allow the mixture to cool to room temperature. While waiting for the mixture to cool prepare a suction filtration set. VII. Once cooled, pour the mixture into the Boucher funnel to filter the precipitate. Rinse out the beaker and pour the rinse into the Boucher funnel. (Filtrate, solution that goes through the filter, should be clear) Empty the filtrate ND rinse the filter flask with denizen water (while the precipitate is still in the Boucher Funnel) Replace the funnel over the cleaned filter flask. VIII. Carefully add 6 drops of Sulfuric Acid, HOSES(aqua), and gently stir the Bunker Funnel until the precipitate is completed reacted away. Then wash the filter paper with a small amount of denizen water. Remove the Boucher Funnel and pour the filtrate into a clean 250 ml beaker. Record your observations of copper (II) sulfate, Cuscus. IX. Add a spatula tip quantity of zinc powder to the filtrate in the 250 ml beaker under the fume hood. Do not inhale the fumes) Add zinc powder until the solution turns clear. Reaction is complete, takes 8-10 minis) Record your observations of copper metal. X. Add a few drops of ammonium hydroxide, NH, to a small test tube. Place a drop of the solution from the previous step into the test tube using a plastic dropper. If you see a deep blue color add more zinc powder until there is no change in color of the solution in the test tube. XSL. Inside the fume hood, add a good amount of Hydrochloric Acid, HCI(aqua), to the solution in the 250 ml beaker to remove excess zinc. (accelerate reaction by eating if the reaction appears slow) XII. Take the 250 ml beaker to your lab bench. Set up a gravity filtration with a plastic funnel, folded wet filter paper, and an Erlenmeyer flask. Pour the content in the 250 ml beaker slowly through the filter paper. Wash the filter paper with denizen water. Dispose of the filtrate in the proper labeled waste container. XIII. Carefully remove the copper metal from the filter paper onto the watch glass. (with a spatula) Place a 400 ml beaker on a hot plate contained with water. Carefully place the watch glass before the water boils to dry the copper metal. Use the tongs to handle the hot watch glass) XIV. Record your observations of the dried, cooled copper metal and weigh the recovered copper. Data Collection and Observations: started with elemental copper metal and then reactions occur step by step as follows: I Experimental stage | 1. Copper metal (penny) at the start brownish, copper-colored, fine solid. Observations I Tarnished, worn out, 1 12. Recovered, wet copper metal after reaction with nitric I Light brown to greenish blue, liquid, worn out, disconsolation. I nitrate, I I acid, HON..(aqua) 1 13. Rope of Sodium Hydroxide, Noah, into copper-containing I Greenish- blue crystals forming, misty, cloudy, liquid. I I solution (Cue(NON)2) I hydroxide, 1 14. Dehydration of by heating and stirring the solution I Dark black, thin, tint of gray, liquid, black spots/dots, milky. I I until chemical reaction has occurred. I I(copper (II) oxide, Quo) 1 15. 6 drops of Sulfuric Acid, HOSES, onto the Quo precipitate. I Cell-shape in the middle , liquid-form, fizzy, bubbly, expanding, turns I I (copper(al) sulfate, Cuscus) 1 16. Small amount of zinc powder added to Cuscus I clear. I Light brown, hint, fine solid, copper- colored metal) I I (recovered, wet copper 17. Copper metal filtered and dry over a boiling water bath I Fine solid, bright, shiny, light brown, disconsolation I(dried, cooled copper metal) Chemical Reactions: cue(s) + EH+(aqua) + NEON- Cue+(aqua) + NEON(g) + 21-420 (l) Cue+(aqua) + EH-(aqua) + HEAT CLIO(s) + H2O(l) cue(s) + EH+(aqua) Cue+(aqua) + H2O(l) Cue+(aqua) + Zen(s) -> Cue(s) + Zen+(aqua) Zen(S) + EH+ Zen+(aqua) + HOC) Mass of Copper before and after the Copper Cycle I Mass of penny before any reaction grams with HON..(aqua) 12. 49 grams previous masses) | . 4 grams the completion of the copper cycle 100% Results and Discussions: | 2. 53 I Mass of penny after reaction I I Mass of copper used I (difference between the two I I Mass of copper recovered at I I Percentage of copper recovered After placing the penny into the small beaker of nitric acid, the copper in the penny reacted the acid, became copper (II) nitrate (Cue(NON)2). Then, af ter exposing of what is left of the penny and pouring the nitrate acid into a beaker, added sodium hydroxide to the solution, forming greenish-blue crystals which were copper (II) hydroxide (Couch). After a few minutes of adding heat to the proper (II) hydroxide mixture, the copper turned black which indicated that a chemical reaction has occurred called copper (II) oxide (Quo). Then, I filtered the Quo precipitate, rinsed out the beaker, and poured it into a Boucher funnel. I added sulfuric acid onto the Quo precipitate, forming cell-like structures and fizzing motions which were copper (II) sulfate (CUSCUS). After, I detached the Boucher funnel and poured the filtrate into a clean beaker and then added small amounts of zinc powder, which formed into a fine, light brown solid (recovered, wet copper metal). In order to test the completion of the recovery of the copper, placed a few drops of ammonium hydroxide (NH) into a small test tube, added a drop of the recovered, wet copper metal from the previous step, and added more zinc powder until the test tube had no change in color or the test was negative. I then removed the excess zinc by adding adequate amounts of hydrochloric acid (HCI). Next, I used a gravity filtration to filter the recovered copper and dried it with a boiling water bath. Lastly, I observed the dry copper metal, which was bright, shiny, discovered, and a fine solid, and weighed it.

Free Essays on National Mandatory Death Penalty

Mandatory National Death Penalty  · You should receive the mandatory death penalty for the committing the following crimes: Murder, brutal rape, treason, high treason, and terrorism. Court process  · You will be tried in the city and State that the crime was committed in, if there is no local, federal or state courts with in the city that the crime was committed in; then you will be moved to the nearest city that has the court. Appeal process  · You have two years to make your appeals. If in the two years you are found not guilty then your sentenced will be relinquished, if you are still found guilty then your death sentence will be moved up for your execution as soon as possible or at the end of the two years your appeals have not gone through then you are still executed.  · You may go through a higher court system if the time permits. Prior to execution  · Two days prior to your execution your lawyer (if you do not have one, one will be appointed to you) and yourself will create a will or last testimony.  · One day prior to your execution family and friends are no longer allowed make visitations, however you are allowed to make contact through the telephone.  · On your execution date you are allowed visitations from your family and friends as well as the preacher. After the execution  · The body will be taken out of the execution room and the family may then pay their last respects.  · All left over funds will then be given to the person stated in the will written the previous day. I come before you today to pose the question of a Mandatory National Death Penalty. What this means is in every state if you commit any of the following crimes you will automatically receive the death sentence. These crimes include murder, terrorism, high treason, treason or brutal rape. Now some of you may feel that the states are giving up their rights. Maybe they are, however if you look at it from th... Free Essays on National Mandatory Death Penalty Free Essays on National Mandatory Death Penalty Mandatory National Death Penalty  · You should receive the mandatory death penalty for the committing the following crimes: Murder, brutal rape, treason, high treason, and terrorism. Court process  · You will be tried in the city and State that the crime was committed in, if there is no local, federal or state courts with in the city that the crime was committed in; then you will be moved to the nearest city that has the court. Appeal process  · You have two years to make your appeals. If in the two years you are found not guilty then your sentenced will be relinquished, if you are still found guilty then your death sentence will be moved up for your execution as soon as possible or at the end of the two years your appeals have not gone through then you are still executed.  · You may go through a higher court system if the time permits. Prior to execution  · Two days prior to your execution your lawyer (if you do not have one, one will be appointed to you) and yourself will create a will or last testimony.  · One day prior to your execution family and friends are no longer allowed make visitations, however you are allowed to make contact through the telephone.  · On your execution date you are allowed visitations from your family and friends as well as the preacher. After the execution  · The body will be taken out of the execution room and the family may then pay their last respects.  · All left over funds will then be given to the person stated in the will written the previous day. I come before you today to pose the question of a Mandatory National Death Penalty. What this means is in every state if you commit any of the following crimes you will automatically receive the death sentence. These crimes include murder, terrorism, high treason, treason or brutal rape. Now some of you may feel that the states are giving up their rights. Maybe they are, however if you look at it from th...

Idea of Freedom and to be American in Bradford's, Franklin's, and Essay

Idea of Freedom and to be American in Bradford's, Franklin's, and Crevecoeur's Writings - Essay Example Bradford had narrated the happenings upon the immigration of the Puritans into the Plymouth Plantation through this writing. Bradford, along with the Pilgrims, left England to experience religious freedom in America. It was the freedom of religion that brought the Pilgrims to Plymouth Plantation, and William Bradford was one of the Pilgrims, who boarded the Mayflower to experience that freedom. He left his country and led a European Settlement in America, for it was the only place, back then, where his religious freedom will not be deprived. Despite the imminent risks, Bradford, together with other Pilgrims, fled to America with no assurance of safety, only to experience religious freedom, a freedom that they ought to gain under the rules of the Mayflower Compact. As stated in his manuscript, â€Å"one small candle may light a thousand, so the light here kindled shall shine unto many† (Bradford). In the â€Å"The Autobiography† of Benjamin Franklin, a different type of freedom was emphasized, which supports the individual freedom of business and the economy in America. Franklin was dubbed as the first authentic American for he was firm in his stand to uphold colonial unity. His establishment of the Junto intended to demonstrate how the improvement of the American society can be achieved through business and economic freedom. In the above passage, he refers to the benefits of education that libraries have provided the citizens of the country. He has further added that libraries have somehow contributed to the response of the citizens in various colonies, especially in defending their privileges (Franklin). Tradesmen and farmers need access to these libraries for them to make appropriate decisions for their business. By that time, they make their own business successful and eventually contribute to the growth of the economy. This gives the liberty to help America progress and become an authentic American. Hector St. John

Kellogg's Nutri-Grain Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Kellogg's Nutri-Grain - Coursework Example To maintain the cash flow target, the company should maintain their minimum monthly closing balance. To maintain the brand position in the market, the company can increase their profitability by minimum 3% or the company may increase their shareholders returns by 15%. Moreover, increased use of social media and online platform can be extremely beneficial for the company to increase preference of the distinct offerings of Nutri-Grain. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 2 Marketing Environment 6 PESTEL Analysis 9 Market Analysis and Current Market Situation of Kellogg’s 11 SWOT Analysis of Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain 11 Marketing Objectives 13 Marketing Strategy 15 The Actual Marketing Programs 18 Market Control Mechanism 18 References 19 Research and Planning Will Keith Kellogg and Dr. John Harvey Kellogg were the co-inventor of Kellogg Company. Over a period of more than 100 years of successful existence amid the global consumer market has been accomplished by Kellogg Comp any with its continuous focus on rendering an assortment of products that fulfil different health oriented needs of consumers. The company offers a variety of convenience foods such as cereals, cereal bars, cookies, crackers, fruit-flavoured snacks, toaster pastries, frozen waffles along with vegetarian foods. The organisation was established in the year 1906. The current market situation of Kellogg’s has witnessed a considerable extent of upsurge in terms of the company’s market share and profitability as compared to other convenience food companies. Within the current market environment, the leading brands of Kellogg’s include Cornflakes, Special K, Rice Krispies and Nuri-Grain. The main purpose of Kellogg’s Company is â€Å"to nourishing the families so that they can flourish and drive† (The Times, 100, 2013). The prime market customers of these leading brands under Kellogg’s include health conscious people, regular office-goers, young an d growing male as well as female section of the society. Among these leading offerings, Nutri-Grain is a one type of breakfast cereal along with breakfast bar offering of Kellogg Company. The breakfast cereal product of Nutri-Grain is made up of wheat, corn along with oats. The consumers in the regions such as Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, South Africa and Canada among others are quite fond of the Nutri-Grain offerings. There is a variety of offerings beneath Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain product such as Kellogg’s Nutri Grain Fruit Crunch, Kellogg’s Cereal Bars, Kellogg’s Nutri Grain Cereal Bars, Kellogg’s Fruit-Fusion with Antioxidants, Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain Soft Bakes among others. Now-a-days, with an increased level of health consciousness amid most of the families on a global basis, they have increasingly becoming fond of starting their day started with Kellogg’s products. In this regard, Nutri- Grain has several nutri tional components that carry healthy benefits to a human body (Kellogg NA Co, 2013). With these considerations, the main objective of the study is to prepare a marketing plan for Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain based on the findings associated with the current market scenario of Kellogg’s. This study also describes a succinct SWOT analysis of Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain product. With respect to the SWOT analysis, a precise set of marketing objectives is enumerated to ascertain that Kellogg’s Nutri-Grain attains greater profitability in the future. Marketing

Critically analyse how the government debt problems initially faced by Essay

Critically analyse how the government debt problems initially faced by a few relatively small economies could trigger such a wid - Essay Example The issues referring to the economies affected by the crisis shall also be discussed in this paper in order to establish the impact of sovereign debt to the euro financial crisis. This paper is being carried out in order to establish an academic and analytical discussion of the European crisis, linking its causes with its eventual impact on a larger economic region. Body The European crisis significantly impacted on the European financial market. Various elements colluded in order to cause the European crisis, with the crisis more or less unfolding in smaller economies, including Greece, Portugal, and Ireland. The money market was significantly affected by the deterioration in market conditions which started in 2007 (European Central Bank, 2012). The interbank markets are usually subjected to counterparty risk. The collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008 led to lower confidence in the market, which then caused issues in financial integration (European Central Bank, 2012). Such event trig gered the increase in cross-country dispersion in overnight rates, as well as lower interbank market activity. Although measures to address market tension were implemented by the European Central Bank, the tension re-emerged in 2010 due to pressures in euro government bond markets (European Central Bank, 2012). More remedies were implemented by the ECB which helped improve the money market in the euro area. However, in 2011, more pressures on the euro sovereign bonds caused issues in market integration. Such deterioration also became apparent in the secured financial market. In 2011, the ECB once again introduced remedies to ensure liquidity support for financial institutions (European Central Bank, 2012). Price-based remedies implied deterioration in the integration of the money market, specifically for short maturities. Integration gains which were expected after the bailouts were reversed by the crisis. With longer maturities, the measures of integration seemed to be stable; howe ver in 2011, these measures actually indicated deterioration (Dadush, et.al., 2010). The sovereign bond markets went through significant tension in 2011. During the onset of the financial crisis in 2010, only three smaller countries were severely affected; however, in 2011, the larger countries were soon affected, especially in terms of their bond yields (European Central Bank, 2012). Moreover, market declines in sovereign yields could not be reached with the implementation of fiscal adjustments, as in the case of Ireland. Improvements in the sovereign bond market were evaluated based on simultaneous movements in yields. Europe for the past 2-3 years has been faced with a very serious crisis (European Commission, 2010). The bond market has already been closing to the euro-area countries, and for those who are still open, they are charging high rates of interest for any loans or investments. The increase in bond yields is based on the fact that where investors view more significant r isks associated with their investments in a country’s bonds, they would also likely need higher returns in compensation for such risks (European Commission, 2009). An unfavourable cycle often ensues from this situation as the demand for higher yields would lead to higher costs in borrowing for the country. This causes financial issues

Is Sugar Addiction a Substance Use Disorder?

Is Sugar Addiction a Substance Use Disorder? An Examination of Sugar Addiction as a Substance Use Disorder Abstract In the last decade, many studies have supported the addictive nature of sugar. In this examination of sugar addiction, we explore the parallels with substance abuse disorder and highlight the effects on the brain and body as well as the psychological and biological risk factors that may make an individual vulnerable to sugar addiction. We theorize that defining sugar addiction as a substance abuse disorder in a future version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) will change policy to improve public health, and minimize the costs of metabolic disorders like diabetes, obesity, and heart disease on the economy. Keywords: sugar addiction, substance use disorder, dopamine, impulsivity, obesity Worldwide obesity rates are rapidly rising. In 2016, an estimated 30% of Americans over the age of 18, and almost 20% of young adults were overweight or obese, as defined by a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016); and they are projected to increase to 80% by 2023 (Wang, Beydoun, Liang, Caballero, & Kumanyika, 2008). Between 29% and 47% of obese individuals meet the criteria for binge eating disorders (BED) (McCuen-Wurst, Ruggieri, & Allison, 2017). However, we suggest in this review of the literature that the food addiction model is a more appropriate mechanism when looking at correlates and causes of the development of eating disorders and metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesity. The DSM-5 criteria for BED is limited in that it focuses largely on behavior, distress and shame caused by the eating disorder, and lacks acknowledgment of the neurobiological vulnerabilities and effects (American Psychiatric Association, 2013a). Alternatively, the food addiction model proposes that food, especially highly palatable, processed foods that are high in sugar, fat and/or salt are addictive (Davis & Carter, 2014), and therefore may be the underlying cause of BED and metabolic disorders, including obesity. For this examination, we mainly focus on the addictive nature of sugar, as the majority of food addiction studies have shown that sugar intake is more addictive than fat or salt, and highlight the numerous biological and psychological parallels to substance (Avena, Bocarsly, Rada, Kim, & Hoebel, 2008; Avena, Rada, & Hoebel, 2008; Davis, Loxton, Levitan, Kaplan, Carter, & Kennedy, 2013; Hoebel, Avena, Bocarsly, & Rada, 2009; Hone-Blanchet & Fecteau, 2014; Ifland, Preuss, Marcus, Rourke, Taylor, Burau, Jacobs, Kadish, & Manso, 2009; Page & Melrose, 2016; Tran & Westbrook, 2017; Wong, Dogra, & Reichelt, 2017). It is well known that addictive drugs activate the dopaminergic reward pathway. The mesocorticolimbic pathway, which includes the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the frontal cortex, is especially implicated in the reinforcement of the use of these substances. These areas release high levels of dopamine, which produce a euphoric state, and help form â€Å"liking† motivations and positive associations toward the addictive substances. However, as the drug is repeatedly consumed, tolerance builds in the body, and â€Å"liking† becomes â€Å"wanting,† resulting in reduced pleasure, and physiological dependence that necessitates increased consumption (Reeve, 2015). Food addiction studies have shown that while a variety of foods lead to the release of dopamine, sugar activates the dopaminergic pathway in a way that mirrors addictive substances, and leads to bingeing, tolerance, cravings, dependence, and subsequent withdrawal symptoms when deprived (American Psychiatric Association, 2013b; Avena et al., 2008; Davis & Carter, 2014; Davis et al., 2013). As sugar is over-consumed, tolerance grows and bingeing with increased amounts of sugar are needed to obtain the same pleasurable effect. This is suggested to be due to the down-regulation of dopamine receptors (Avena et al., 2008; Davis, Patte, Levitan, Reid, Tweed, & Curtis, 2007; Hoebel et al., 2009; Ifland et al., 2009, Loxton & Tipman, 2017). Thereafter, â€Å"wanting† or cravings are suggested to be due to the imbalance of hormone signals that results in high anticipation and high sensitivity to sugar when it is consumed. In a study conducted by Lindqvist, Baelemans, and Erlanson-Albertsson (2008), rats that were given a sugar solution showed a 40% increase in ghrelin, the hormone that triggers appetite; in contrast to a significant decrease in leptin and peptide YY, two hunger-suppressing hormones; and a significant down-regulation in mRNA expression of additional hunger-suppressing peptides. This imbalance of appetite hormones and gene expression were hypothesized to have resulted in bingeing and tolerance, as demonstrated by a doubling of the drink consumption compared to control-group rats given water. Lastly, animal studies on sugar addiction have shown that sugar withdrawal mimics opioid withdrawal, and presents with depression and anxiety when deprivation of sugar occurs (Avena et al., 2008; Avena, Rada, & Hoebel, 2008; Hoebel et al., 2009; Hone-Blanchet & Fecteau, 2014; Ifland et al., 2009). The numerous studies in sugar addiction that overlap with the different stages of substance use disorders provide strong biological support for sugar addiction to be classified as a substance use disorder. Further adding to the biological susceptibility of sugar addiction, Davis et al. (2013) found enhanced dopamine transmission was due to six genetic mutations linked to the dopamine reward pathway; and that association between increased dopamine signaling and multilocus genetic profile scores was significantly higher in participants with high reward sensitivity and high risk for food addiction. These neurological changes and genetic vulnerabilities support tolerance and dependence that may result from a frequent flooding of dopamine and a reduction of receptors as seen in substance use disorders. Likewise, psychological traits like impulsivity and poor emotional regulation, have been found in both substance use disorders and sugar addiction. Impulsivity, as it relates to immediate gratification and deficits in behavioral inhibition, was positively correlated with sugar addiction. However, sensation-seeking, as an impulsive personality trait, was negatively associated with sugar addiction, and theorized to be due to the lack of arousal and stimulation from eating food; â€Å"those who are risk seeking and reward-driven might seek out experiences involving greater levels of arousal and stimulation (Pivarunas & Connor, 2015; VanderBroek-Stice, Stojek, Beach, vanDellen, & MacKillop, 2017). Poor emotional regulation and low distress tolerance were also positively associated with sugar addiction, and the consumption of sugar was hypothesized to activate the pleasure center countering the negative emotional state and further reinforcing the reward of sugar intake behavior (Kozak & Fought, 2011; Pivarunas & Connor, 2015). Equally important in the comparison between sugar addiction and substance use disorders are the detrimental effects on the brain and body’s functions, such as cognitive impairment and metabolic disorders. Reversible cognitive impairments in decision-making, motivation, spatial or place-recognition memory were recently identified in studies with rats (Tran & Westbrook, 2017; Wong, Dogra, & Reichelt, 2017). However, in a study conducted by Page and Melrose (2016), high levels of circulating sugar and insulin levels dulled food cues, reducing hypothalamic activity, and negatively affecting neural food processing, which over time increased the risk for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. A separate study found that the overconsumption of sugar increased levels of free fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood (Lindqvist, Baelemans, & Erlanson-Albertsson, 2008), which are confirmed risk factors for developing in heart disease and strokes in humans (National Institute of Health, 2005; American Heart Association, 2017). The relationship between sugar addiction’s detrimental effects and long-term illness are apparent in the literature, and is analogous to the relationship between substance use and disease. Current treatment options for food or sugar addiction are limited to exercise, which addresses biological pathways; and mindfulness, which emphasizes psychological processes. Exercise serves as a protective treatment against metabolic disorders and food addiction via increases in brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), a neurotransmitter that plays a major role in neuroplasticity, and in the regulation of food intake, physical activity, and glucose metabolism (Codella, Terruzzi, & Luzi, 2017). Whereas, mindfulness addresses the dual process model of health behavior, which states that there are interactive automatic (implicit) and controlled (explicit) psychological processes that result in addictive behavior. Implicit, automatic processes include intentions, approach and avoidance tendencies, and emotions, meanwhile explicit, controlled processes include reflective action (Hagger, Trost, Keech, Chan, & Hamilton, 2017; Tang, Posner, Rothbart, & Volkow, 2015). In 2017, Kakoschke, Kemps, & Tiggemann showed that a two-pronged approach-modification protocol successfully retrained participants to avoid unhealthy food by 1) reducing the approach bias toward unhealthy food, and 2) increasing the approach bias toward healthy food. Another study showed a high approach tendency for healthy food buffered against the stress of hunger and wanting for unhealthy food (Cheval, Audrin, Sarrazin, & Pelletier, 2017). Mindfulness was also found to regulate emotional reactivity to internal and external cues (Fisher, Mead, Lattimore, Malinowski, 2017). Unfortunately, available treatment options have low generalizable, replicable success as they fail to provide a streamlined approach to sugar addiction and/or address neurobiological vulnerabilities and negative effects. Neither sugar nor food addiction is currently defined in the DSM-5. The only consistent measure of food addiction is the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), a survey developed in 2009, and it is used in studies reliably as its questions are based on DSM-IV addiction criteria (Gearhardt, Corbin, Brownell, 2009; Gearhardt, Corbin, Brownell, 2016). As mentioned earlier, food addiction and BED are not reciprocal disorders, therefore acknowledging sugar addiction as a substance use disorder in a future DSM may increase evidence-based research that strongly implicates genetic and brain pathways, which may lead to early prevention, reduced stigmatization and diverse treatment options that address the psychological as well as neurobiological vulnerabilities through medication, and even gene therapy. Further research and government regulation can also limit the pseudo-science funded by sugar and packaged goods companies. For example, in reviewing the literature, two studies were found that denied sugar and its addictive properties (Benton, 2010; Markus, Rogers, Brouns, & Schepers, 2017); they were funded by Coca-Cola and the World Sugar Research Organization. Similar to the studies conducted by the tobacco industry, the information countering sugar addiction can be confusing and deceptive to consumers. Government regulation of the sugar industry, like the tobacco industry can result in a decrease of sugar addiction and its harmful health effects. Lastly, there is also a large benefit to public health and the economic costs in treating sugar addiction like a substance use disorder. The costs to treat diabetes, a disease directly related to increased blood sugar levels and insulin resistance was $245 billion in 2012 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). These costs do not include comorbid diseases like obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Obesity alone is projected to cost upwards of $957 billion by 2030 (Wang et al., 2008). Therefore, prevention of these life-long metabolic disorders by addressing the addictive properties of sugar can potentially reduce the burden on global health and economic systems in a great way. References American Heart Association. (2017). Prevention and Treatment of High Cholesterol (Hyperlipidemia). Retrieved from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/PreventionTreatmentofHighCholesterol/Prevention-and-Treatment-of-High-Cholesterol-Hyperlipidemia_UCM_001215_Article.jsp#.WhoJdNy1uUl American Psychiatric Association. (2013a). Feeding and Eating Disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm10 American Psychiatric Association. (2013b). Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. 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Drugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years Essay -- Influence Teenagers

Drugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years The years of adolescence are a very important time for both young girls and boys to make decisions that will essentially have the power to shape their lives. In life there are conflicts to be overcome from both the â€Å"evil† social world and also a young girl’s vulnerability can cause problems. Both have a huge impact on decisions she will make. Drugs and alcohol are both issues that almost any young person in today’s society is going to come into contact with. Then there is the issues of making decisions about how these substances will affect their life. It is interesting to study and compare the drug use among different ethnic groups as well as how the culture that one is brought up in has a big part in how they will respond to the same issues. This leads right into my paper topic which is girls growing up on the border. This is a completely different lifestyle as well as upbringing for these girls that are living so close to the Mexico. Drugs and alcohol are everywhere and are most likely intertwined into each of our lives in some way. For this reason it is apparent how likely it is that adolescents are exposed to these substances very often if not daily. Recent surveys that have been done, in particular the Ontario Health Survey, 1990, shows that initiation to drugs begins as early as 12 years old in an adolescents life. Twelve years old is considered the risk period for alcohol and tobacco and this phase does not end until about age 22. A sample of 4,364 people from this same study was on people from the ages of 15 to 35. Results showed that the major risk age for initiating with either alcohol, marijuana, or tobacco is over by age 22. Once again it is sh... ... are white or Mexican and live on the border or not. Works Cited: Leverton, Kate. Personal Interview. 25 March 1999. Phipher, Mary. Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls. New York, NY. G.P. Putnam Sons, 1994. DeWitt, David J; Offord David R. "Patterns of Onset and Cessation of Drug Use Over the Early Part of the Life Course." Young Adults-Drug Use- Ontario-Drug Abuse-Ontario -Drinking Alcohol icges-Ontario. Vol.24, pg. 746, 13p. Holck Susan E., M.D., Warren Charles W. Ph.D, Smith Jack M.S., Rochat Roger M.D., "Alcohol Consumption Among Mexican American and Anglo Women; Results of a Survey Along the U.S.- Mexican Border." Vol. 45: Pg. 149-154, 1984. Dassori Abana M., Neff James A., Hoppe K, Sue. "Ethnic and Gender Differences in the Diagnostic Profiles of Substance Abusers." Vol 15, Aug. 1993, pgs. 382-390.